Along the western side of the Ica River (Ica Desert, Peru), the Miocene Chilcatay and Pisco formations of the East Pisco Basin crop out. These units are characterized by an extraordinarily preserved marine vertebrate fossil fauna, especially cetaceans. This dissertation has the purpose of making chronostratigraphic and taphonomic studies on these formations, cropping out in the western side of the Ica River. Despite the growing significance of the vertebrate fauna of the Chilcatay and Pisco formations, a comprehensive stratigraphic framework has not been established for a long time. Using tephra fingerprinting, Ar-Ar dating, biostratigraphy and strontium isotope stratigraphy, the chronostratigraphy of both the units is here proposed. The Chilcatay Formation is divided into two unconformity-bounded allomembers, designated as Ct1 and Ct2. The vertebrate assemblage in the Ct1a facies of the Ullujaya locality comprises a coastal community, dominated by mesopredators representative of a warm-temperate, sheltered embayment connected with riverine and open-ocean environments. The chronostratigraphic framework is well constrained by integration of biostratigraphic data and isotope geochronology and suggests a Burdigalian age. The time constrains are 19.25 and 18.02 Ma for the Ar-Ar dating on tephra, in agreement with the Sr isotope analyses in Ct1a suggesting Burdigalian ages, even the diatom biostratigraphy suggests a slightly younger age for the top of the formation (17.08 Ma). The Pisco Formation is divided into three allomembers representing three transgressive cycles, P0, P1, and P2, from oldest to youngest. The vertebrate content of P0 is still scarcely known but clearly differs from that of the overlying P1, in which baleen-bearing whales are mainly represented by medium-sized cetotheriids; in contrast, in P2, balaenopterids dominate the assemblage. The chronostratigraphic framework was reconstruct with different methods. Sr isotope analyses on carbonates and phosphates suggest a Langhian – Serravallian age for the P0 allomember. Ar-Ar dating and diatom biostratigraphy indicate a Tortonian age for the P1 allomember (from 9.46 to 8.60 Ma), and a Tortonian – Messinian age for the P2 allomember (from 8.39 to 6.71 Ma). Tephra fingerprinting has been applied to build a high-resolution stratigraphy of P2 deposits and to correlate sediments exposed in different localities. The preservation of both fossil vertebrates and invertebrates is truly exceptional in the East Pisco Basin deposits. Using optical and scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence, the taphonomy of invertebrates was studied. In the Chilcatay Formation, mollusk shells are mainly made by Ca-carbonates and show a quite good preservation. Oysters show, in some cases, a well preserved pristine prismatic layer that suggests a low degree of alteration, and cathodoluminescence reveals that several samples are characterized by a low and homogeneous luminescence. The latter specimens are those selected for Sr isotope analyses applied for chronostratigraphic studies. For taphonomic studies, the Chilcatay barnacle facies recognized in Ct1 can be related to a relatively shallow-water, high-energy environment. The Pisco Formation mollusks are commonly preserved only as gypsum casts or dolomite/gypsum internal molds. Sr isotopic ratios indicate an early diagenetic formation for dolomite and a pre-Miocene seawater-derived brine origin for gypsum. Regarding vertebrate taphonomy, in the Chilcatay Formation bones exhibit a good preservation, due to fluctuations of euxinic and oxic-dysoxic conditions at the seafloor, suggested by the size distribution of pyrite framboid relics. In the Pisco Formation, the calculation of the sedimentation rates suggests that the good preservation of the fossil remains is not due to the rapid burial, but is related to early establishment of anoxic processes that allow phosphatization, and not only to the formation of carbonate nodules.
Le formazioni mioceniche di Chilcatay e Pisco del Bacino Orientale di Pisco affiorano nel Deserto di Ica (Perù). Queste formazioni sono caratterizzate da una concentrazione di fossili di vertebrati marini eccezionalmente conservati, in particolare cetacei. Questa tesi ha come scopo effettuare studi cronostratigrafici e tafonomici in queste formazioni esposte sulla sponda occidentale del fiume Ica. Nonostante il crescente interesse per la fauna a vertebrati delle formazioni di Chilcatay e Pisco, un’esauriente quadro cronostratigrafico non è mai stato realizzato. In questa tesi viene proposta una ricostruzione cronostratigrafica di entrambe le formazioni, grazie all’applicazione dei metodi di tephra fingeprinting, datazioni Ar-Ar, biostratigrafia e stratigrafia a isotopi dello stronzio. La Formazione Chilcatay è stata divisa in due allomembri, Ct1 e Ct2. L’associazione a vertebrati della facies Ct1a nella località di Ullujaya è costituita da una comunità costiera dominata da mesopredatori di acque temperato-calde. La cronostratigrafia è stata ricostruita grazie all’integrazione di risultati biostratigrafici e isotopici che attribuiscono la Formazione Chilcatay al Burdigaliano. Basandosi sulle datazioni Ar-Ar, la deposizione è avvenuta tra i 19.25 e i 18.02 Ma, anche se la biostratigrafia a diatomee indica un’età leggermente più giovane per il top della formazione (17.08 Ma). La Formazione Pisco è divisa in tre allomembri, P0, P1 e P2. Il contenuto di vertebrati fossili dell’allomembro P0 è ancora da caratterizzare, ma si differenzia chiaramente dalla fauna dell’allomembro P1, in cui dominano cetoteridi di media taglia. Nell’allomembro P2, invece, l’associazione è dominata da balenotteridi. La ricostruzione della cronostratigrafia è stata possibile grazie a diversi metodi. Analisi degli isotopi dello stronzio su carbonati e fosfati attribuiscono l’allomembro P0 al Langhiano – Serravalliano. Le datazioni Ar-Ar e la biostratigrafia a diatomee attribuiscono l’allomembro P1 al Tortoniano (tra 9.46 e 8.60 Ma) e l’allomembro P2 al Tortoniano – Messiniano (tra 8.39 e 6.71 Ma). Il metodo del fingerprinting applicato ai tefra ha permesso di ottenere una ricostruzione stratigrafica ad alta risoluzione per P2 e di correlare successioni esposte in diverse località. La conservazione di vertebrati e invertebrati lungo questa successione è considerata eccezionale. La tafonomia degli invertebrati è stata studiata attraverso microscopia ottica ed elettronica a scansione e catodoluminescenza. Nella Formazione Chilcatay, i gusci dei molluschi sono prevalentemente costituiti da calcite e presentano una buona conservazione. Gli ostreidi, in alcuni casi, mostrano un livello prismatico perfettamente conservato e una luminescenza bassa ed omogenea, che testimoniano un basso grado di alterazione. Questi esemplari sono stati scelti per studi cronostratigrafici con gli isotopi dello stronzio. Studi tafonomici sulle facies a balani della Formazione Chilcatay indicano un ambiente di acque relativamente basse e un ambiente ad alta energia. Nella Formazione Pisco, i molluschi sono solitamente costituiti da calchi di gesso o modelli interni di dolomite/gesso. I rapporti isotopici dello stronzio indicano che la dolomite si è formata tramite diagenesi precoce, mentre il gesso deriva da salamoie pre-mioceniche in risalita. La tafonomia dei vertebrati mostra che le ossa della Formazione Chilcatay hanno un buon grado di conservazione, risultato di un’alternanza di condizioni anossiche e ossiche-disossiche al fondo, testimoniata da analisi sulla distribuzione granulometrica di framboidi relitti di pirite nel sedimento. Nella Formazione Pisco, il calcolo dei tassi di sedimentazione suggerisce che la buona conservazione dei reperti non è dovuta al rapido seppellimento, ma al precoce attuarsi di processi anossici che hanno permesso la fosfatizzazione e la formazione di noduli carbonatici.
(2019). INTEGRATED CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY AND TAPHONOMIC STUDIES IN MIOCENE SEDIMENTARY SUCCESSIONS OF THE EAST PISCO BASIN (PERU). (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
INTEGRATED CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY AND TAPHONOMIC STUDIES IN MIOCENE SEDIMENTARY SUCCESSIONS OF THE EAST PISCO BASIN (PERU)
BOSIO, GIULIA
2019
Abstract
Along the western side of the Ica River (Ica Desert, Peru), the Miocene Chilcatay and Pisco formations of the East Pisco Basin crop out. These units are characterized by an extraordinarily preserved marine vertebrate fossil fauna, especially cetaceans. This dissertation has the purpose of making chronostratigraphic and taphonomic studies on these formations, cropping out in the western side of the Ica River. Despite the growing significance of the vertebrate fauna of the Chilcatay and Pisco formations, a comprehensive stratigraphic framework has not been established for a long time. Using tephra fingerprinting, Ar-Ar dating, biostratigraphy and strontium isotope stratigraphy, the chronostratigraphy of both the units is here proposed. The Chilcatay Formation is divided into two unconformity-bounded allomembers, designated as Ct1 and Ct2. The vertebrate assemblage in the Ct1a facies of the Ullujaya locality comprises a coastal community, dominated by mesopredators representative of a warm-temperate, sheltered embayment connected with riverine and open-ocean environments. The chronostratigraphic framework is well constrained by integration of biostratigraphic data and isotope geochronology and suggests a Burdigalian age. The time constrains are 19.25 and 18.02 Ma for the Ar-Ar dating on tephra, in agreement with the Sr isotope analyses in Ct1a suggesting Burdigalian ages, even the diatom biostratigraphy suggests a slightly younger age for the top of the formation (17.08 Ma). The Pisco Formation is divided into three allomembers representing three transgressive cycles, P0, P1, and P2, from oldest to youngest. The vertebrate content of P0 is still scarcely known but clearly differs from that of the overlying P1, in which baleen-bearing whales are mainly represented by medium-sized cetotheriids; in contrast, in P2, balaenopterids dominate the assemblage. The chronostratigraphic framework was reconstruct with different methods. Sr isotope analyses on carbonates and phosphates suggest a Langhian – Serravallian age for the P0 allomember. Ar-Ar dating and diatom biostratigraphy indicate a Tortonian age for the P1 allomember (from 9.46 to 8.60 Ma), and a Tortonian – Messinian age for the P2 allomember (from 8.39 to 6.71 Ma). Tephra fingerprinting has been applied to build a high-resolution stratigraphy of P2 deposits and to correlate sediments exposed in different localities. The preservation of both fossil vertebrates and invertebrates is truly exceptional in the East Pisco Basin deposits. Using optical and scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence, the taphonomy of invertebrates was studied. In the Chilcatay Formation, mollusk shells are mainly made by Ca-carbonates and show a quite good preservation. Oysters show, in some cases, a well preserved pristine prismatic layer that suggests a low degree of alteration, and cathodoluminescence reveals that several samples are characterized by a low and homogeneous luminescence. The latter specimens are those selected for Sr isotope analyses applied for chronostratigraphic studies. For taphonomic studies, the Chilcatay barnacle facies recognized in Ct1 can be related to a relatively shallow-water, high-energy environment. The Pisco Formation mollusks are commonly preserved only as gypsum casts or dolomite/gypsum internal molds. Sr isotopic ratios indicate an early diagenetic formation for dolomite and a pre-Miocene seawater-derived brine origin for gypsum. Regarding vertebrate taphonomy, in the Chilcatay Formation bones exhibit a good preservation, due to fluctuations of euxinic and oxic-dysoxic conditions at the seafloor, suggested by the size distribution of pyrite framboid relics. In the Pisco Formation, the calculation of the sedimentation rates suggests that the good preservation of the fossil remains is not due to the rapid burial, but is related to early establishment of anoxic processes that allow phosphatization, and not only to the formation of carbonate nodules.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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