Rockslides are characterized by slow to extremely slow displacement rates in their initial phases or for their entire evolution. They frequently occur in foliated metamorphic rocks. Field and monitoring evidence show that deformation is predominantly localized along a shear zone. Mineralogic, grain size and fabric characteristics of the shear zone control its behavior and the possible evolution of the rockslide from a slow creeping to a fast moving one. In this thesis we investigate the shear zone behavior and evolution through conventional (direct shear, standard uniaxial compression and triaxial test) and unconventional laboratory testing (with an ring shear apparatus). We try to merge mineralogic data with material degradation and their role in the transition from slow to fast evolution due to creep phenomena, the change in material behavior with shear displacement and velocity. The tests were carried out on samples collected from boreholes through cataclastic shear zones within the Mont de La Saxe (MLS) rockslide, Valle d’Aosta region, Italy, at the extreme termination of a Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformations. The rockslide volume is of about 8x106 m3, and it extends between 1,400 and 1,870 m a.s.l., over area of 150,000 m2. This landslide is located close to Entréves and La Palud (Courmayeur municipality) villages and to the Mont Blanc highway that connects Italy to France through a tunnel. Laboratory tests were also performed on samples from the Chervaz rockslide (Valle d’Aosta region) located in a different rock suite (e.g. serpentine schist with phyllosilicates). The MLS shear zone contained both phyllosilicates (at least 20%) and graphite minerals (about 10%) which can control frictional properties. Furthermore, grain size reduction has been observed during slow ring shear testing together with particles rearrangement. Frictional and viscous characteristics, such as the tangential displacement increment before the steady state and the tertiary creep behavior, have been derived. The long-term monitoring of this instability started on 2009 and during the following years has been improved. The monitoring system is composed by ground surface (GB-InSAR, optical targets, TLS surveys, GPS network) and deep-seated equipment (inclinometers, piezometers and DMS probes). Such an extensive monitoring is – probably – a unique case in the Alps. A clear seasonal behavior has been observed, especially during snow-melt season when the rockslide shows a massive increment of displacements (e.g. 2012, 2013 and especially 2014). An addition a case study was selected, the Ruinon rockslide (upper Valtellina, Italian Alps) because of the long-term available dataset (since 2006). A statistical analysis of monitoring data has been completed, in order to characterize to behavior of the rockslides through time and to propose a new approach to define Early Warning displacement rate thresholds. Finally, after the experimental campaign and the deep analysis of monitoring data, a mathematical model, based on the Perzyna’s delayed plasticity theory, in which the hardening rule considers the degradation process, has been developed. The material parameters were calibrated on the experimental results previously obtained and using the monitoring data. The numerical simulations through this model give the evolution of the kinematic variables (displacement, velocity and acceleration) during the experimental results. The results contribute new knowledge regarding the shear zone development and evolution and also provide an improved understanding of these mechanisms by developing one of the first high quality data sets that combines new laboratory tests and field data able to develop a model in order the landslide forecasting. Finally, the study provides a new approach to define Early Warning displacement rate thresholds for slope failures.
Le frane a lento scorrimento sono solitamente caratterizzate da tassi di spostamento da estramente lento, i.e. mm/anno a lento, i.e. centimetri/anno. Si sviluppano frequentemente in rocce metamorfiche foliate, e la deformazione è prevalentemente localizzata lungo una zona di taglio principale. Le caratteristiche mineralogiche, granulometriche e tessiturali di queste zone controllano sia il comportamento della frana che la sua possibile evoluzione. In questa tesi sono stati investigati sia il comportamento che l'evoluzione della zona di taglio, attraverso prove di laboratorio convenzionali (taglio diretto, le prove uniassiali e triassiali) e non convenzionali (ring shear apparatus). Le successive analisi hanno permesso di considerare sia la degradazione dal punto di vista mineralogico, che meccanico, valutando il ruolo di entrambe nella transizione da lenta a rapida (fenomeni di creep). Le prove sono state condotte su campioni provenienti dalla frana del Mont de La Saxe (MLS, Valle d'Aosta, Italia). La frana ha un volume stimato di circa 8x106 m3 e si estende tra 1,400 e 1,870 m a.s.l., su un'area di 150,000 m2. Questa frana interessa le frazioni di Entréves e di La Palud (Courmayeur), nonchè l'autostrada ed il tunnel del Monte Bianco che collega l'Italia alla Francia. Un altro caso studio comparitivo (Chervaz, Valle d'Aosta, Italia) è stato selezionato per effettuare i test di laboraorio, variando le litologie analizzate (scisti serpentinitici con elevata presenza di fillosilicati). La zona di taglio di MLS contiene sia fillosilicati (almeno il 20%) che grafite (circa il 10%) in grado di controllare le proprietà di attrito. Inoltre, la riduzione della granulometria è stata osservata durante il test con il ring shear apparatus insieme all’allineamento preferenziale delle particelle. Sono state derivate le caratteristiche di attrito e viscosità, come l'incremento di spostamento tangenziale prima dello stato stazionario e il comportamento di creep terziario. Il monitoraggio della frana di Mont de La Saxe è iniziato nel 2009 e negli anni seguenti è stato via via perfezionato. Il sistema di monitoraggio – ad oggi - è composto sia da strumentazione superficiale (e.g. GB-InSAR,…) che di strumentazione di monitoraggio installata in profondità (inclinometri, piezometri e DMS). Un monitoraggio così ampio è - probabilmente - un caso unico nelle Alpi. È stato osservato un chiaro comportamento stagionale, in particolare durante lo scioglimento delle nevi quando la frana mostra un massiccio incremento degli spostamenti (ad esempio, 2012, 2013 e soprattutto 2014). Inoltre, è stata investigata anche la frana del Ruinon (Valtellina, Italia) considerando la disponibilità di dati a lungo termine (dal 2006). È stata quindi condotta un'analisi statistica dei dati di monitoraggio, caratterizzando il comportamento della frana nel tempo e proponendo un nuovo approccio per definire le soglie di Early Warning. Infine, dopo la campagna sperimentale e la profonda analisi dei dati di monitoraggio, è stato sviluppato un modello matematico, basato sull’approccio proposto da Perzyna, in cui l’incrudimento subisce un processo di degradazione. I parametri del materiale sono stati calibrati sia con i risultati sperimentali precedentemente ottenuti e con i dati di monitoraggio. Le simulazioni numeriche attraverso questo modello danno l'evoluzione delle variabili cinematiche (spostamento, velocità e accelerazione) durante i risultati sperimentali. I risultati ottenuti in questa tesi contribuiscono alle nuove conoscenze relative allo sviluppo e all'evoluzione delle zone di taglio e forniscono anche una migliore comprensione di questi meccanismi combinando i test innovativi sviluppati con i dati sul campo in grado di sviluppare un modello per la previsione degli spostamenti delle frane. Infine, lo studio fornisce anche un nuovo approccio per definire le soglie di Early Warning.
(2019). Geological analysis and numerical modelling of La Saxe landslide (Courmayeur) to improve understanding of geomorphological and geotechnical mechanisms and of the potential landslide evolution. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
Geological analysis and numerical modelling of La Saxe landslide (Courmayeur) to improve understanding of geomorphological and geotechnical mechanisms and of the potential landslide evolution
ALBERTI, STEFANO
2019
Abstract
Rockslides are characterized by slow to extremely slow displacement rates in their initial phases or for their entire evolution. They frequently occur in foliated metamorphic rocks. Field and monitoring evidence show that deformation is predominantly localized along a shear zone. Mineralogic, grain size and fabric characteristics of the shear zone control its behavior and the possible evolution of the rockslide from a slow creeping to a fast moving one. In this thesis we investigate the shear zone behavior and evolution through conventional (direct shear, standard uniaxial compression and triaxial test) and unconventional laboratory testing (with an ring shear apparatus). We try to merge mineralogic data with material degradation and their role in the transition from slow to fast evolution due to creep phenomena, the change in material behavior with shear displacement and velocity. The tests were carried out on samples collected from boreholes through cataclastic shear zones within the Mont de La Saxe (MLS) rockslide, Valle d’Aosta region, Italy, at the extreme termination of a Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformations. The rockslide volume is of about 8x106 m3, and it extends between 1,400 and 1,870 m a.s.l., over area of 150,000 m2. This landslide is located close to Entréves and La Palud (Courmayeur municipality) villages and to the Mont Blanc highway that connects Italy to France through a tunnel. Laboratory tests were also performed on samples from the Chervaz rockslide (Valle d’Aosta region) located in a different rock suite (e.g. serpentine schist with phyllosilicates). The MLS shear zone contained both phyllosilicates (at least 20%) and graphite minerals (about 10%) which can control frictional properties. Furthermore, grain size reduction has been observed during slow ring shear testing together with particles rearrangement. Frictional and viscous characteristics, such as the tangential displacement increment before the steady state and the tertiary creep behavior, have been derived. The long-term monitoring of this instability started on 2009 and during the following years has been improved. The monitoring system is composed by ground surface (GB-InSAR, optical targets, TLS surveys, GPS network) and deep-seated equipment (inclinometers, piezometers and DMS probes). Such an extensive monitoring is – probably – a unique case in the Alps. A clear seasonal behavior has been observed, especially during snow-melt season when the rockslide shows a massive increment of displacements (e.g. 2012, 2013 and especially 2014). An addition a case study was selected, the Ruinon rockslide (upper Valtellina, Italian Alps) because of the long-term available dataset (since 2006). A statistical analysis of monitoring data has been completed, in order to characterize to behavior of the rockslides through time and to propose a new approach to define Early Warning displacement rate thresholds. Finally, after the experimental campaign and the deep analysis of monitoring data, a mathematical model, based on the Perzyna’s delayed plasticity theory, in which the hardening rule considers the degradation process, has been developed. The material parameters were calibrated on the experimental results previously obtained and using the monitoring data. The numerical simulations through this model give the evolution of the kinematic variables (displacement, velocity and acceleration) during the experimental results. The results contribute new knowledge regarding the shear zone development and evolution and also provide an improved understanding of these mechanisms by developing one of the first high quality data sets that combines new laboratory tests and field data able to develop a model in order the landslide forecasting. Finally, the study provides a new approach to define Early Warning displacement rate thresholds for slope failures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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