Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype of demyelinating diseases, in which both gray and white matter (GM/WM) pathology contribute to impairment of several cognitive domains including attention, mental processing speed, memory, executive and visuospatial functions, as well as many aspects of social cognition. Such deficits have been reported in all stages and subtypes of the disease, and result in significant, negative consequences for mood and quality of life of people with MS. The main goal of the current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was to investigate the effect of MS on cognition and brain structure, by combining neuropsychological and morphological investigations. More precisely, we aimed to analyze changes of main cognitive functions over time in mild and early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) outpatients compared to healthy subjects, and correlated these findings to GM regional volume changes. We were also interested to explore the impact of MS on many aspects of social cognition, mood, fatigue, psychological well-being, and quality of life of these patients between the beginning and the end of the study. The first important MRI result was the identification of a right temporal atrophy pattern (inferior temporal gyrus and middle temporal pole) in the RRMS group compared to normal controls, which was unchanged between the baseline and follow-up. After one year, a considerable atrophy in deep GM of right hemisphere (amygdala, globus pallidus and putamen) and cerebellum (14.2%) emerged, while disappeared in the left putamen and insula. In addition, the GM volume of the patients at one year was predicted by sex, age, and processing speed (i.e., Symbol Digit Modalities Test). As for the cognitive evaluation, primary results highlighted that a large proportion (about 50%) of the RRMS group was significantly impaired compared with controls on short- and long-term memory, processing speed, visuospatial and executive functions, and negative emotions (sadness and anger). Patients also showed symptoms of psychological distress (somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness, hostility, and interpersonal problems). These impairments in the RRMS group tended to flatten over time. While long-term memory, perceptual and spatial visual skills, and the anger attribution seemed to improve; deficits in working memory, processing speed and interference inhibition, and the recognition of sadness remained stable after one year. At the follow-up, characteristics of psychological distress were also reduced, but new depressive symptoms emerged. In conclusion, our results highlighted that there was a minimal but significant cognitive impairment in the RRMS group. After one year, a significant reduction in the cerebellar and deep GM structure volumes could also explain why primary deficits in memory and recognition of sadness remained stable, while the others decreased. All these impairments were not significantly related to other factors, such as mood, fatigue and clinical features of the disease. Although performance in some executive measures probably improved due to ‘practice effect’, working memory and processing speed were still impaired at one-year follow-up, proving that the short-term progression of the disease has a clinically meaningful impact on these abilities. Even emotional-behavioral aspects had improved over time, leading to a better adaptation to the disease by patients. Early management of healthcare taking-charge and pharmacological treatment, which occur at the initial stage of the disease, may also contribute to the well-being and quality of life of people with MS.

La sclerosi multipla (SM) è il prototipo delle malattie demielinizzanti, in cui la patologia della sostanza grigia e bianca (GM/WM) contribuisce alla compromissione di diversi domini cognitivi tra cui l’attenzione, la velocità di elaborazione mentale, la memoria, le funzioni esecutive e visuospaziali, così come molti aspetti della cognizione sociale. L’obiettivo principale del presente studio di risonanza magnetica (MRI) era di indagare l’effetto della SM sulla cognizione e sulla struttura del cervello, combinando indagini neuropsicologiche e morfologiche. Abbiamo mirato ad analizzare i cambiamenti delle principali funzioni cognitive nel tempo in pazienti ambulatoriali con SM recidivante-remittente (SMRR) lieve e iniziale rispetto ai soggetti sani, e correlato questi risultati ai cambiamenti di volume regionale nella GM. Abbiamo inoltre esplorato l’impatto della SM su molti aspetti della cognizione sociale, dell’umore, della fatica, del benessere psicologico e della qualità della vita di questi pazienti tra l’inizio e la fine dello studio. Il primo risultato MRI importante riguardava l’identificazione di un pattern di atrofia temporale destra (giro temporale inferiore e polo temporale medio) nel gruppo SMRR rispetto ai controlli normali, che è rimasto invariato tra la valutazione basale e il follow-up. Dopo un anno, è emersa una considerevole atrofia della GM profonda dell’emisfero destro (amigdala, globo pallido e putamen) e del cervelletto (14.2%), mentre scompariva nel putamen e nell’insula dell’emisfero sinistro. Inoltre, fattori quali il sesso, l’età e la velocità di elaborazione (cioè, il Symbol Digit Modalities Test) erano in grado di predire il volume della GM dei pazienti a un anno. Per quanto riguarda la valutazione cognitiva, i risultati primari evidenziavano che una grande percentuale (circa il 50%) del gruppo SMRR era significativamente compromessa rispetto ai controlli in prove riguardanti memoria a breve ed a lungo termine, velocità di elaborazione, funzioni visuospaziali ed esecutive, ed emozioni negative (tristezza e rabbia). I pazienti mostravano inoltre sintomi di disagio psicologico (somatizzazione, ossessività-compulsività, ostilità e problemi interpersonali). Queste difficoltà tendevano ad appiattirsi nel tempo nel gruppo SMRR. Mentre la memoria a lungo termine, le abilità visive percettive e spaziali e l’attribuzione della rabbia sembravano migliorare, i deficit di memoria di lavoro, velocità di elaborazione e inibizione dell’interferenza, e il riconoscimento della tristezza rimanevano stabili dopo un anno. Al follow-up, anche le caratteristiche di disagio psicologico si erano attenuate, ma emergevano nuovi sintomi depressivi. In conclusione, i nostri risultati hanno evidenziato che vi era un declino cognitivo minimo ma significativo nel gruppo SMRR. Il pattern di atrofia temporale riscontrato nei pazienti rispetto ai controlli poteva rendere conto dei loro deficit iniziali. Dopo un anno, la significativa riduzione dei volumi cerebellari e delle strutture GM profonde poteva inoltre spiegare perché le difficoltà primarie nella memoria e nel riconoscimento della tristezza erano rimaste stabili, mentre le altre erano diminuite. Tutti questi deficit non erano significativamente correlati ad altri fattori, come l’umore, la fatica e le caratteristiche cliniche della malattia. Sebbene le prestazioni in alcune misure esecutive siano probabilmente migliorate a causa dell’effetto della pratica, al follow-up di un anno la memoria di lavoro e la velocità di elaborazione erano ancora compromesse, dimostrando che la progressione a breve termine della malattia ha un impatto clinicamente significativo su queste capacità. Anche gli aspetti emozionali e comportamentali erano migliorati nel tempo, suggerendo che la gestione sanitaria precoce e il trattamento farmacologico possono contribuire al benessere e alla qualità della vita delle persone con SM.

(2018). Functional and Morphological Correlates of Cognitive and Social Cognition Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. A Longitudinal Study.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).

Functional and Morphological Correlates of Cognitive and Social Cognition Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. A Longitudinal Study.

CAMMAROTO, VIVIANA
2018

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototype of demyelinating diseases, in which both gray and white matter (GM/WM) pathology contribute to impairment of several cognitive domains including attention, mental processing speed, memory, executive and visuospatial functions, as well as many aspects of social cognition. Such deficits have been reported in all stages and subtypes of the disease, and result in significant, negative consequences for mood and quality of life of people with MS. The main goal of the current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was to investigate the effect of MS on cognition and brain structure, by combining neuropsychological and morphological investigations. More precisely, we aimed to analyze changes of main cognitive functions over time in mild and early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) outpatients compared to healthy subjects, and correlated these findings to GM regional volume changes. We were also interested to explore the impact of MS on many aspects of social cognition, mood, fatigue, psychological well-being, and quality of life of these patients between the beginning and the end of the study. The first important MRI result was the identification of a right temporal atrophy pattern (inferior temporal gyrus and middle temporal pole) in the RRMS group compared to normal controls, which was unchanged between the baseline and follow-up. After one year, a considerable atrophy in deep GM of right hemisphere (amygdala, globus pallidus and putamen) and cerebellum (14.2%) emerged, while disappeared in the left putamen and insula. In addition, the GM volume of the patients at one year was predicted by sex, age, and processing speed (i.e., Symbol Digit Modalities Test). As for the cognitive evaluation, primary results highlighted that a large proportion (about 50%) of the RRMS group was significantly impaired compared with controls on short- and long-term memory, processing speed, visuospatial and executive functions, and negative emotions (sadness and anger). Patients also showed symptoms of psychological distress (somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness, hostility, and interpersonal problems). These impairments in the RRMS group tended to flatten over time. While long-term memory, perceptual and spatial visual skills, and the anger attribution seemed to improve; deficits in working memory, processing speed and interference inhibition, and the recognition of sadness remained stable after one year. At the follow-up, characteristics of psychological distress were also reduced, but new depressive symptoms emerged. In conclusion, our results highlighted that there was a minimal but significant cognitive impairment in the RRMS group. After one year, a significant reduction in the cerebellar and deep GM structure volumes could also explain why primary deficits in memory and recognition of sadness remained stable, while the others decreased. All these impairments were not significantly related to other factors, such as mood, fatigue and clinical features of the disease. Although performance in some executive measures probably improved due to ‘practice effect’, working memory and processing speed were still impaired at one-year follow-up, proving that the short-term progression of the disease has a clinically meaningful impact on these abilities. Even emotional-behavioral aspects had improved over time, leading to a better adaptation to the disease by patients. Early management of healthcare taking-charge and pharmacological treatment, which occur at the initial stage of the disease, may also contribute to the well-being and quality of life of people with MS.
CAVALETTI, GUIDO ANGELO
declino cognitivo; cognizione sociale; sclerosi multipla; MRI; atrofia
cognitive impairment; social cognition; multiple sclerosis; MRI; atrofia
BIO/16 - ANATOMIA UMANA
English
15-nov-2018
NEUROSCIENZE - 90R
30
2016/2017
open
(2018). Functional and Morphological Correlates of Cognitive and Social Cognition Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. A Longitudinal Study.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
phd_unimib_798818.pdf

Accesso Aperto

Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
Dimensione 5.04 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
5.04 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/241347
Citazioni
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
Social impact