Soil quality has been one of the major issues of the last decades, because of the increase of anthropogenic pollution. Soil contains organisms involved in vital functions (nutrient/hydrological cycles and degradation of toxic compounds). Under stress conditions, soil microorganisms undergo several alterations so molecular technologies use microbial communities as an ecological parameter in monitoring polluted sites. Bacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus have an important role in recalcitrant compound degradations. It is a metabolically versatile genus, widely distributed in nature. Rhodococcus spp. can degrade a wide range of organic compounds (aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic, nitriles, sulfuric, herbicides) and to survive in presence of toxic compounds, carbon starvation, UV irradiation and osmotic stress. In line with their catabolic diversity, they possess large and complex genomes, containing a multiplicity of catabolic genes, high genetic redundancy and a sophisticated regulatory network. The aim of this project is to obtain molecular tools to use as "marker" sequences for soil assessment, through analysis of metabolic pathways and catabolic gene clusters involved in the degradation of the most diffused environmental contaminants. In particular, this work focused the attention on three Rhodococcus strain genomes: R. opacus R7, R. aetherivorans BCP1 and R. erythropolis MI2. A Phenotype Microarray approach was used to evaluate R7 and BCP1 strains metabolic potential and their stress response. Also, the capability to utilize various contaminants (aliphatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes, aromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, naphthenic acids and other carboxylic acids) and to persist under stress conditions (high osmolarity, pH stress, toxic compounds, antibiotics) was tested. A genome-based approach was used to relate their abilities to genetic determinants involved in the analysed metabolisms (naphthalene, o-xylene, n-alkanes, naphthenic acids, phenols, phthalate) and in their environmental persistence. In particular, o-xylene and naphthenic acids degradations were investigated in R. opacus R7. Computational and molecular analyses revealed the putative involvement of several genes in these degradation pathways. R7 can degrade o-xylene by the induction of the akb genes (deoxygenation) producing the corresponding dihydrodiol. Likewise, the redundancy of sequences encoding for monooxygenases/hydroxylases (prmA and pheA1A2A3), supports the involvement of other genes that induce the formation of phenols, converging to the phenol oxidation path. The activation of converging oxygenase systems represents a strategy in Rhodococcus genus to degrade recalcitrant compounds and to persist in contaminated environments. NAs degradation pathway is not fully clear but two main routes have been proposed: i) aromatization of the cyclohexane ring ii) activation as CoA thioester. RT and RT-qPCR results showed that R. opacus R7 degrade cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CHCA) molecule (used as a model) by a cyclohexane carboxylate CoA ligase (aliA). An application of this work was demonstrated by a microcosm approach, simulating a bioaugmentation process with R7 strain. Autochthone bacteria and R7 capabilities to degrade CHCA were evaluated and compared; results indicated that R7 can degrade the contaminant faster than the microbial community and that its contribute increased CHCA degradation rate. The degradation rate was followed by RT and RT-qPCR, monitoring the expression of the aliA gene. Moreover, a biotechnological application was investigated in R. erythropolis MI2, studying the disulfide 4,4-dithiodibutyric acid (DTDB) degradation pathway. DTDB is a promising substrate for polythioester (PTE) synthesis; indeed, its degradation produces the PTE building block 4-mercaptobutyric acid. The aim was pursued generating R. erythropolis MI2 marker-free deletion mutants for genes involved in the final steps of the pathway.

La qualità del suolo è una delle principali problematiche ambientali degli ultimi decenni a causa dell’aumento dell’inquinamento antropico. In condizioni di stress, i microrganismi del suolo subiscono alterazioni che attraverso tecnologie molecolari possono essere usate come parametro per il monitoraggio dei siti contaminati. I batteri appartenenti al genere Rhodococcus hanno un ruolo importante nella degradazione dei composti più recalcitranti. Sono versatili ed ampiamente distribuiti in natura; essi degradano diversi composti organici, tra cui idrocarburi alifatici ed aromatici, eterociclici, nitrili, sulfuri ed erbicidi. Inoltre, essi possono sopravvivere in presenza di composti tossici, carenza di carbonio, irradiazione UV e stress osmotico. Questa versatilità è correlata alla complessità dei loro genomi, i quali contengono molteplici geni catabolici, ridondanza genica e un sofisticato network regolatorio. L’obiettivo di questo progetto è ottenere nuovi tools molecolari da ceppi di Rhodococcus da usare come marcatori per valutare la qualità dei suoli, mediante analisi dei pathway metabolici e dei cluster genici coinvolti nella degradazione dei contaminanti ambientali. In questo lavoro, l’attenzione è stata rivolta verso i genomi dei ceppi: R. opacus R7, R. aetherivorans BCP1 e R. erythropolis MI2. Un’analisi fenotipica ha permesso di valutare il potenziale metabolico e la risposta allo stress dei ceppi R7 e BCP1; sono stati testati diversi contaminanti (idrocarburi alifatici e cicloalcani, aromatici, policiclici aromatici, acidi naftenici ed altri acidi carbossilici) e varie condizioni di stress (alta osmolarità, differenti valori di pH, composti tossici, antibiotici). Un approccio genomico ha permesso di correlare le abilità metaboliche a determinanti genici, coinvolti nei diversi metabolismi (naftalene, o-xilene, n-alcani, acidi naftenici, fenoli, ftalato) e nella persistenza ambientale. In particolare, sono stati esaminati i pathway degradativi dell’o-xilene e degli acidi naftenici di R. opacus R7. Analisi bioinformatiche e molecolari hanno permesso di valutare il coinvolgimento di diversi geni nei pathway degradativi. R7 è in grado di degradare l’o-xilene inducendo la trascrizione dei geni akb (sistema diossigenasico) formando il diidrodiolo. Tuttavia, la ridondanza di monossigenasi e idrossilasi (prmA and pheA1A2A3), ha suggerito l’attivazione di altri sistemi convergenti, strategia utilizzata dai rhodococci per degradare composti recalcitranti e persistere in ambienti contaminati. I pathway degradativi degli acidi naftenici (NAs) non sono ancora noti ma sono state proposte due possibili vie: i) aromatizzazione dell’anello del cicloesano ii) attivazione come CoA tioestere. I risultati delle RT e RT-qPCR hanno mostrato che R7 degrada l’acido cicloesanocarbossilico (CHCA), attraverso una cicloesano carbossilato-CoA ligasi (aliA). L’applicazione di questo lavoro è stata dimostrata in esperimenti di microcosmo simulando condizioni reali con sabbia bioaugmentata con R7. Le capacità dei batteri autoctoni e di R7 di degradare il CHCA sono state comparate e i risultati mostrano che R7 degrada il contaminante più velocemente rispetto alla comunità microbica e che il suo contributo aumenta la velocità di degradazione del CHCA, seguita monitorando l’espressione del gene aliA mediante esperimenti di RT e RT-qPCR. Un’applicazione biotecnologica di questo lavoro è stata valutata in R. erythropolis MI2, studiando il pathway di degradazione del 4,4’- acido disolfuro ditiobutirrico (DTDB), un promettente substrato per la sintesi dei politioesteri poiché il suo intermedio metabolico, acido 4-mercaptobutirrico ne è un precursore. L’obiettivo di questo studio è stato perseguito generando mutanti di delezione del ceppo MI2 per i geni coinvolti nelle reazioni finali del pathway di degradazione.

(2019). Genomic and functional analysis of Rhodococcus strains to identify genes and degradative functions for soil quality evaluation. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).

Genomic and functional analysis of Rhodococcus strains to identify genes and degradative functions for soil quality evaluation

DI CANITO, ALESSANDRA
2019

Abstract

Soil quality has been one of the major issues of the last decades, because of the increase of anthropogenic pollution. Soil contains organisms involved in vital functions (nutrient/hydrological cycles and degradation of toxic compounds). Under stress conditions, soil microorganisms undergo several alterations so molecular technologies use microbial communities as an ecological parameter in monitoring polluted sites. Bacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus have an important role in recalcitrant compound degradations. It is a metabolically versatile genus, widely distributed in nature. Rhodococcus spp. can degrade a wide range of organic compounds (aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic, nitriles, sulfuric, herbicides) and to survive in presence of toxic compounds, carbon starvation, UV irradiation and osmotic stress. In line with their catabolic diversity, they possess large and complex genomes, containing a multiplicity of catabolic genes, high genetic redundancy and a sophisticated regulatory network. The aim of this project is to obtain molecular tools to use as "marker" sequences for soil assessment, through analysis of metabolic pathways and catabolic gene clusters involved in the degradation of the most diffused environmental contaminants. In particular, this work focused the attention on three Rhodococcus strain genomes: R. opacus R7, R. aetherivorans BCP1 and R. erythropolis MI2. A Phenotype Microarray approach was used to evaluate R7 and BCP1 strains metabolic potential and their stress response. Also, the capability to utilize various contaminants (aliphatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes, aromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, naphthenic acids and other carboxylic acids) and to persist under stress conditions (high osmolarity, pH stress, toxic compounds, antibiotics) was tested. A genome-based approach was used to relate their abilities to genetic determinants involved in the analysed metabolisms (naphthalene, o-xylene, n-alkanes, naphthenic acids, phenols, phthalate) and in their environmental persistence. In particular, o-xylene and naphthenic acids degradations were investigated in R. opacus R7. Computational and molecular analyses revealed the putative involvement of several genes in these degradation pathways. R7 can degrade o-xylene by the induction of the akb genes (deoxygenation) producing the corresponding dihydrodiol. Likewise, the redundancy of sequences encoding for monooxygenases/hydroxylases (prmA and pheA1A2A3), supports the involvement of other genes that induce the formation of phenols, converging to the phenol oxidation path. The activation of converging oxygenase systems represents a strategy in Rhodococcus genus to degrade recalcitrant compounds and to persist in contaminated environments. NAs degradation pathway is not fully clear but two main routes have been proposed: i) aromatization of the cyclohexane ring ii) activation as CoA thioester. RT and RT-qPCR results showed that R. opacus R7 degrade cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CHCA) molecule (used as a model) by a cyclohexane carboxylate CoA ligase (aliA). An application of this work was demonstrated by a microcosm approach, simulating a bioaugmentation process with R7 strain. Autochthone bacteria and R7 capabilities to degrade CHCA were evaluated and compared; results indicated that R7 can degrade the contaminant faster than the microbial community and that its contribute increased CHCA degradation rate. The degradation rate was followed by RT and RT-qPCR, monitoring the expression of the aliA gene. Moreover, a biotechnological application was investigated in R. erythropolis MI2, studying the disulfide 4,4-dithiodibutyric acid (DTDB) degradation pathway. DTDB is a promising substrate for polythioester (PTE) synthesis; indeed, its degradation produces the PTE building block 4-mercaptobutyric acid. The aim was pursued generating R. erythropolis MI2 marker-free deletion mutants for genes involved in the final steps of the pathway.
DI GENNARO, PATRIZIA
Rhodococcus; Genomica microbica; Analisi funzionali; Soil quality; Contaminated soils
Rhodococcus; Microbial genomics; Functional analysis; Soil quality; Contaminated soils
BIO/19 - MICROBIOLOGIA GENERALE
English
7-feb-2019
BIOLOGIA E BIOTECNOLOGIE - 93R
31
2017/2018
open
(2019). Genomic and functional analysis of Rhodococcus strains to identify genes and degradative functions for soil quality evaluation. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/241307
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