Surface ligand engineering is an effective tool used to enhance polymer nanocomposites materials performance, since it plays a key role on one of the trickiest issues: the incompatibility between the organic and inorganic phase. The introduction of a thin polymeric layer enables a good dispersion of the inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) in polymer matrices, where otherwise bare particles aggregate and precipitate. The surface modification is an effective method to introduce additional functionalities to the NPs, giving new properties for a large number of applications. During my research I synthesized different titanium dioxide NCs of different phase and size. I investigated the behavior of bare TiO2 NCs in water. Taking advantage of the interaction between water molecules and titanium dioxide NCs, we found that water interacts in a way that make it a probe able to identify the titanium dioxide crystalline phase. Then an intensive study was done to understand the role of solvents during the grafting process in terms of interaction with polymer chains and inorganic surface. At first a study was done on the grafting-to process of polyethylene oxide monomethylether (mPEO) and polystyrene (PS) on spherical anatase NCs. Commercial mPEO of different molecular weight and polystyrene, synthesized via RAFT polymerization, were used and modified with different anchoring group. The polymers were grafted on anatase NCs through grafting-to approach using different solvents and experimental conditions. Water and methylene chloride were selected according to their ability to interact with the polymer chains and the NC’s surface. Thanks to this massive work we improved our knowledge on the grafting-to approach; we produced a method to create NCs with controlled graft densities and well-defined conformations. Thanks to our experience built during these years of research activity, we were able to prepare a nanocomposite material based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). We started from a mixed double layer system tethered on rod-like anatase nanocrystal. The NCs covered with oleic acid (OA) were synthesized with a colloidal process and modified with a grafting-to approach using a high molecular weight mPEO. The as synthesized object is composed by a high density layer of OA and a low density layer of mPEO (mPEO-OA@Anatase). In order to investigate the properties of this type of objects, a set of nanocomposite materials based on mPEO-OA@Anatase and OA@Anatase were produced in a highly aliphatic TPU matrix with a solvent casting process. It was observed that for both mPEO-OA@Anatase and OA@Anatase optically clear films with improved refractive index (1.63) were obtained. The mechanical tests showed better elastic modulus for filler loaded nanocomposite materials. In particular the mPEO-OA@Anatase presented a higher elastic modulus than OA@Anatase when loaded with the same amount of nanofiller without affecting the optical properties. During my research period abroad, I spent 7 months at Dr. Benicewicz’s group in the University of South Carolina (USA). The aim of my project was focused on the synthesis of new nanocomposite material in the gas separation field. In the first part of the project we prepared a set of samples based on fumed silica (FS) particles using a grafting-from approach to modify the surface with RAFT polymerization. This kind of particles were not able to self-assemble in an organized and no improvement of the the gas permeation properties, even if FS were well dispersed into the polymer matrix. Experimental data confirmed that FS acts as a physical gas barrier. In the second part of the project were synthesized a nanocomposite material using the same approach on silica NP with polymethacrylamide with oligoaniline side chain. These NPs were able to self-assemble in a controlled fashion and thanks to a more selective polymer we obtained a material with enhanced permeability and selectivity to CO2.

La decorazione superficiale è un metodo molto utile che permette di migliorare le prestazioni di materiali nanocompositi polimerici, in quanto agisce sull'incompatibilità tra la fase organica e quella inorganica. L'introduzione di un sottile strato polimerico consente una migliore dispersione di nanocristalli inorganici (NC) in matrici polimeriche, dove al contrario particelle nude aggregano e precipitano. Inoltre, la modifica superficiale è uno metodo efficace che permette di introdurre funzionalità aggiuntive ai NC, offrendo nuove proprietà per un gran numero di applicazioni. Durante il mio periodo di ricerca ho sintetizzato NC di biossido di titanio di diverse fasi e dimensioni e ho studiato il comportamento delle nanoparticelle in acqua con TD NMR. Abbiamo osservato che l'acqua interagisce con la superficie in modo tale da diventare una sonda in grado di identificare la fase cristallina del NC. In seguito, è stato condotto uno studio sul processo di grafting to su anatase sferico di polietilenossido monometiletere (mPEO) commerciale e polistirene (PS), sintetizzato tramite polimerizzazione RAFT. I polimeri sono stati modificati con diversi gruppi ancoranti. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti utilizzando diversi solventi e condizioni sperimentali. Dal momento che abbiamo a che fare con un sistema composto da tre componenti, controllando le interazioni polimero-solvente, la reattività della superficie e l'interazione superficie-solvente, è stato possibile regolare la densità delle catene polimeriche legate e di conseguenza la loro conformazione. Successivamente è stata affrontata la preparazione di nanocompositi a base di poliuretano termoplastico (TPU) a partire da un sistema mixed double layer su anatase rodlike. È stata utilizzata una sintesi colloidale che si adatta alle esigenze di buon controllo sulla dimensione e sulla purezza del cristallo con la produzione su larga scala. Le particelle prodotte, ricoperte da acido oleico (OA), sono successivamente decorate con approccio grafting to utilizzando mPEO ad alto peso molecolare. Le nanoparticelle presentano uno strato ad alta densità di OA e uno a bassa densità di mPEO. In seguito, sono stati preparati per solvent catsing una serie di materiali nanocompositi basati su un double layer mPEO-OA@Anatase e single layer OA @ Anatase in TPU altamente alifatico. Sono stati ottenuti film otticamente trasparenti con indice di rifrazione più elevato (1.63) rispetto al TPU non caricato (1.49). Le prove meccaniche dei materiali nanocompositi hanno mostrato moduli elastici migliori rispetto al semplice TPU. In particolare, il mPEO-OA@Anatase, a parità di quantitativo di filler, ha mostrato un modulo elastico più elevato rispetto all’OA@Anatase. Infine, ho trascorso 7 mesi presso il gruppo del Dr. Benicewicz nella University of South Carolina (USA) in cui ho lavorato su un progetto focalizzato sulla sintesi di membrane polimeriche composte da materiale nanocomposito in grado di separare efficacemente miscele di gas. La prima parte del progetto è stata la preparazione di una serie di campioni basati su particelle di fumed silca (FS) utilizzando un approccio grafting-from con polimetilacrilato. In letteratura è riportato che nanocristalli graftati con polimeri, se in grado di riorganizzarsi ordinatamente nello spazio, possiedono migliori proprietà di permeabilità. Questo è legato al controllo sulla formazione di volume libero nel materiale. Si è osservato che le FS non sono in grado di riorganizzarsi ordinatamente e i dati sperimentali hanno confermato che questo sistema si comporta come una barriera fisica ai gas. Nella seconda parte del progetto è stata sintetizzato un nanocomposito con migliore permeabilità e selettività alla CO2. Questo materiale è stato ottenuto sfruttando la combinazione dell'effetto self-assembly, utilizzano NP di silice, e l'uso di un polimero più selettivo (metacrilammide con catena laterale oligoaniline) sintetizzato ad hoc.

(2019). Surface decoration of inorganic nanoparticles for novel polymer-based nanocomposite materials. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).

Surface decoration of inorganic nanoparticles for novel polymer-based nanocomposite materials

TAWFILAS, MASSIMO
2019

Abstract

Surface ligand engineering is an effective tool used to enhance polymer nanocomposites materials performance, since it plays a key role on one of the trickiest issues: the incompatibility between the organic and inorganic phase. The introduction of a thin polymeric layer enables a good dispersion of the inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) in polymer matrices, where otherwise bare particles aggregate and precipitate. The surface modification is an effective method to introduce additional functionalities to the NPs, giving new properties for a large number of applications. During my research I synthesized different titanium dioxide NCs of different phase and size. I investigated the behavior of bare TiO2 NCs in water. Taking advantage of the interaction between water molecules and titanium dioxide NCs, we found that water interacts in a way that make it a probe able to identify the titanium dioxide crystalline phase. Then an intensive study was done to understand the role of solvents during the grafting process in terms of interaction with polymer chains and inorganic surface. At first a study was done on the grafting-to process of polyethylene oxide monomethylether (mPEO) and polystyrene (PS) on spherical anatase NCs. Commercial mPEO of different molecular weight and polystyrene, synthesized via RAFT polymerization, were used and modified with different anchoring group. The polymers were grafted on anatase NCs through grafting-to approach using different solvents and experimental conditions. Water and methylene chloride were selected according to their ability to interact with the polymer chains and the NC’s surface. Thanks to this massive work we improved our knowledge on the grafting-to approach; we produced a method to create NCs with controlled graft densities and well-defined conformations. Thanks to our experience built during these years of research activity, we were able to prepare a nanocomposite material based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). We started from a mixed double layer system tethered on rod-like anatase nanocrystal. The NCs covered with oleic acid (OA) were synthesized with a colloidal process and modified with a grafting-to approach using a high molecular weight mPEO. The as synthesized object is composed by a high density layer of OA and a low density layer of mPEO (mPEO-OA@Anatase). In order to investigate the properties of this type of objects, a set of nanocomposite materials based on mPEO-OA@Anatase and OA@Anatase were produced in a highly aliphatic TPU matrix with a solvent casting process. It was observed that for both mPEO-OA@Anatase and OA@Anatase optically clear films with improved refractive index (1.63) were obtained. The mechanical tests showed better elastic modulus for filler loaded nanocomposite materials. In particular the mPEO-OA@Anatase presented a higher elastic modulus than OA@Anatase when loaded with the same amount of nanofiller without affecting the optical properties. During my research period abroad, I spent 7 months at Dr. Benicewicz’s group in the University of South Carolina (USA). The aim of my project was focused on the synthesis of new nanocomposite material in the gas separation field. In the first part of the project we prepared a set of samples based on fumed silica (FS) particles using a grafting-from approach to modify the surface with RAFT polymerization. This kind of particles were not able to self-assemble in an organized and no improvement of the the gas permeation properties, even if FS were well dispersed into the polymer matrix. Experimental data confirmed that FS acts as a physical gas barrier. In the second part of the project were synthesized a nanocomposite material using the same approach on silica NP with polymethacrylamide with oligoaniline side chain. These NPs were able to self-assemble in a controlled fashion and thanks to a more selective polymer we obtained a material with enhanced permeability and selectivity to CO2.
SIMONUTTI, ROBERTO
nanotecnologia; nanocristalli; nanocompositi; polimeri; materiali funzionali
nanothecnology; nanocrystals; nanocomposite; polymers; materiali funzionali
CHIM/05 - SCIENZA E TECNOLOGIA DEI MATERIALI POLIMERICI
English
15-feb-2019
SCIENZA E NANOTECNOLOGIA DEI MATERIALI - 79R
31
2017/2018
open
(2019). Surface decoration of inorganic nanoparticles for novel polymer-based nanocomposite materials. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/241271
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