Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have been increasingly used as tools for improving motor learning in healthy individuals. Efforts of the current neuroscientific field are now directed to the mechanistic understanding of NIBS tools with respect to their modulatory effects on different motor learning processes, among which the on-line learning (improvements occurring during practice), the retention and generalization of the learned skills. This investigation is also relevant for optimizing stimulation protocols. The enhancement effects of tDCS on motor learning have also guided the investigation of its therapeutic potential for the rehabilitation of motor disorders in neurological diseases. The present thesis aims at: (i) enriching current evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of tDCS and rTMS as adjuvant interventions to augment the response of the motor system to behavioral trainings; (ii) exploring the role of alternative routes (via premotor and posterior parietal cortices), beyond the primary motor cortex, for improving motor learning in healthy humans and (iii) uncovering the potential of tDCS for the treatment of upper-limb motor disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP), which represents one of the most recent field of investigation in NIBS clinical literature. Within this framework, I have performed four studies (a meta-analysis, and three empirical investigations). Results from Study 1 indicate that the quality of available evidence for the use of tDCS and TMS as add-on interventions to boost motor training effects in adult stroke patients is still low, although some indications for the most effective stimulation protocols for either rTMS and tDCS are emerging. Study 2 shows that, beyond the primary motor cortex, the typical tDCS target for facilitating motor learning, premotor cortex stimulation has also a merit, since it can selectively improve the generalization of motor learning to untrained skills, at least in healthy individuals. The last two studies show that in children with CP, motor learning abilities may be impaired, as compared to those of age-matched typically-developing children; motor learning deficits in CP depends on the type of corticospinal reorganization that follows a brain injury (Study 3). In this pediatric population, tDCS seems unable to enhance motor learning of the affected hand, at least when the stimulation is delivered in a single session (Study 4), suggesting that more intensive and prolonged stimulation protocols are required for improving the chronic motor dysfunctions featuring CP.
Le tecniche di stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva, come la stimolazione transcranica a correnti elettriche continue (tDCS) e la stimolazione transcranica magnetica ripetitiva (rTMS), sono strumenti ampiamente utilizzati per migliorare l’apprendimento motorio in individui sani. Le recenti ricerche neuro-scientifiche sono ora indirizzate ad una comprensione meccanicistica delle tecniche di NIBS, rispetto alla loro azione modulatoria sui diversi processi di apprendimento motorio (ad esempio l’apprendimento on-line, il mantenimento e la generalizzazione delle abilità apprese). Tale conoscenza ha anche l’obiettivo di ottimizzare i protocolli di stimolazione. Il potenziamento dell’apprendimento motorio indotto dalla tDCS ha anche guidato lo studio della sua potenziale applicazione terapeutica nell’ambito della riabilitazione dei disturbi motori nelle malattie neurologiche. Il presente elaborato ha le seguenti finalità: (i) estendere la letteratura attuale relativa all’efficacia clinica della tDCS e rTMS come interventi adiuvanti per aumentare la risposta del sistema motorio ai training comportamentali; (ii) esplorare il ruolo di diverse aree corticali nell’apprendimento motorio, che potrebbero configurarsi come sedi di stimolazione alternativa alla corteccia motoria primaria (i.e., corteccia premotoria e parietale posteriore) per facilitare l’apprendimento motorio in soggetti sani e (iii) esplorare il potenziale della tDCS per il trattamento dei disturbi motori nei bambini con paralisi cerebrale infantile (PCI). Nello specifico, nell’elaborato sono presentati quattro studi (una meta-analisi e tre indagini empiriche). I risultati dello Studio 1 mostrano che le evidenze sinora disponibili circa l’efficacia della tDCS e della rTMS come tecniche di potenziamento della riabilitazione motoria nei pazienti adulti colpiti da ictus non siano ampiamente predittive. Lo Studio 2 dimostra che, oltre alla corteccia motoria primaria che costituisce il tipico target della tDCS per la modulazione dell’apprendimento motorio, anche la stimolazione della corteccia premotoria può essere efficace, dal momento che migliora selettivamente la generalizzazione dell’apprendimento motorio ad abilità non addestrate in soggetti sani. Gli ultimi due studi dimostrano invece che nei bambini affetti da PCI l’apprendimento motorio può essere compromesso rispetto ai pari con sviluppo tipico e che i deficit di apprendimento motorio nella PCI dipendano dal tipo di riorganizzazione corticospinale che si instaura in seguito ad una lesione cerebrale (Studio 3). Nei partecipanti con PCI, l’esposizione ad una singola seduta di tDCS non sembra in grado di migliorare i deficit di apprendimento (Studio 4). Tali risultati suggeriscono che nella popolazione pediatrica in oggetto servono protocolli tDCS più intensivi e prolungati per il miglioramento dei deficit motori.
(2019). NEUROMODULATION OF MOTOR LEARNING IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
NEUROMODULATION OF MOTOR LEARNING IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
SOUZA CARNEIRO, MAIRA IZZADORA
2019
Abstract
Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have been increasingly used as tools for improving motor learning in healthy individuals. Efforts of the current neuroscientific field are now directed to the mechanistic understanding of NIBS tools with respect to their modulatory effects on different motor learning processes, among which the on-line learning (improvements occurring during practice), the retention and generalization of the learned skills. This investigation is also relevant for optimizing stimulation protocols. The enhancement effects of tDCS on motor learning have also guided the investigation of its therapeutic potential for the rehabilitation of motor disorders in neurological diseases. The present thesis aims at: (i) enriching current evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of tDCS and rTMS as adjuvant interventions to augment the response of the motor system to behavioral trainings; (ii) exploring the role of alternative routes (via premotor and posterior parietal cortices), beyond the primary motor cortex, for improving motor learning in healthy humans and (iii) uncovering the potential of tDCS for the treatment of upper-limb motor disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP), which represents one of the most recent field of investigation in NIBS clinical literature. Within this framework, I have performed four studies (a meta-analysis, and three empirical investigations). Results from Study 1 indicate that the quality of available evidence for the use of tDCS and TMS as add-on interventions to boost motor training effects in adult stroke patients is still low, although some indications for the most effective stimulation protocols for either rTMS and tDCS are emerging. Study 2 shows that, beyond the primary motor cortex, the typical tDCS target for facilitating motor learning, premotor cortex stimulation has also a merit, since it can selectively improve the generalization of motor learning to untrained skills, at least in healthy individuals. The last two studies show that in children with CP, motor learning abilities may be impaired, as compared to those of age-matched typically-developing children; motor learning deficits in CP depends on the type of corticospinal reorganization that follows a brain injury (Study 3). In this pediatric population, tDCS seems unable to enhance motor learning of the affected hand, at least when the stimulation is delivered in a single session (Study 4), suggesting that more intensive and prolonged stimulation protocols are required for improving the chronic motor dysfunctions featuring CP.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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