Since the second half of past century in many developed Countries, life expectancy has gradually increased, reaching, and in some extreme cases exceeding, the threshold of 85 years. However, the increase of life expectancy is not associated with a corresponding increment of healthy conditions for the older population. Nowadays, a huge part of population over 65 years suffers a multitude of diseases, most of them highly disabling, like cardiovascular diseases, tumour or neurodegenerative disorders. This aspect has increased the interest on age-related issues, emphasizing the importance of reducing the gap between longevity and health during aging. For this purpose, efforts of many research lines have focused on studying which are the main factors that affect aging, in order to develop approaches that mitigate the detrimental effects of aging on health. Many aging-related pathways are evolutionarily conserved from some single-celled organisms to complex multicellular ones. Such knowledge has allowed us the use of simple model organisms to study this complex biological phenomenon. In this work we used the single-celled eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which undergoes both replicative and chronological aging, two complementary models of aging, which respectively resemble the aging process of mitotically active and post-mitotic mammalian cells. In this context, replicative lifespan (RLS) is defined as the number of buds generated by a single mother cell in the presence of nutrients before death. On the contrary, chronological lifespan (CLS) is the mean and maximum period of time of surviving cells in stationary phase. It is determined, starting three days from the diauxic shift, by the capability of quiescent cells to resume growth once returning to rich fresh medium. Considering that there is a strong connection between cellular aging, nutrients and metabolism, we investigated the possible effects of some nutraceutical compounds, in order to identify molecules for anti-aging interventions, as well as add useful information to understand the aging process. To this end, during the first and second year of my PhD project, I studied the effects of resveratrol (RSV) on CLS. RSV is a polyphenolic compound counted among the Sirtuin Activator Compounds (STACs), which has been proposed to confer health benefits on different age-related diseases. Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, the founding member of which is Sir2 of S. cerevisiae, whose activity is involved in both RLS and CLS. Unexpectedly, we found that RSV supplementation increased oxidative stress in concert with a strong reduction of the anti-aging gluconeogenesis pathway. The deacetylase activity of Sir2 on its gluconeogenic target Pck1 was enhanced, resulting in its inactivation and indicating that RSV really acts as a STAC. As a consequence, this brought about detrimental effects on the survival metabolism resulting in a short-lived phenotype. Next, we focused on the study of quercetin (QUER), a nutraceutical compound with health-promoting properties on different pathologies, including cardiovascular disorders, cancer and dyslipidaemia. Nevertheless, QUER cellular targets are still being explored. We found that QUER displays anti-aging properties favouring CLS extension. All data point to an inhibition of the deacetylase activity of Sir2 following QUER supplementation, resulting in increased levels of acetylation and activity of Pck1. This determines a metabolic remodelling in favour of the pro-longevity gluconeogenesis pathway, increasing trehalose storage and ensuring healthy aging improvement.

L’aumento dell’aspettativa di vita non è associato con un altrettanto aumento delle condizioni di salute nella popolazione anziana. Oggigiorno, un’ampia parte di popolazione al di sopra dei 65 anni soffre di molteplici malattie, molte delle quali debilitanti, come le malattie cardiovascolari, i tumori o i disordini neurodegenerativi. Questo aspetto ha aumentato l’interesse per le tematiche legate all’invecchiamento, enfatizzando l’importanza di ridurre il gap tra longevità salute durante l’invecchiamento. A questo proposito, gli sforzi di molte linee di ricerca sono focalizzati nel tentativo di comprendere quali sono i principali fattori che influenzano l’invecchiamento, allo scopo di sviluppare approcci capaci di mitigare gli effetti dannosi dell’invecchiamento sulla salute. Molti pathway associati all’invecchiamento sono evolutivamente conservati dagli organismi unicellulari a quelli più complessi. Questo ci ha permesso di semplici organismi modello per studiare questo complesso fenomeno biologico. In questo lavoro abbiamo utilizzato l’eucariote unicellulare Saccharomyces cerevisiae, che va incontro sia all’invecchiamento replicativo che a quello cronologico, due modelli complementari di invecchiamento, che rispettivamente simulano il processo di invecchiamento delle cellule mitoticamente attive e quello delle cellule post-mitotiche. In questo contesto la replicative lifespan (RLS) è definita come il numero di cellule figlie generate da una cellula madre in presenza di nutrienti prima della morte. Al contrario, la chronological lifespan (CLS) è il periodo di sopravvivenza medio e massimo di una popolazione di cellule di lievito in fase stazionaria. Essa è determinata, partendo tre giorni dallo shift diauxico, dalla capacità di cellule quiescenti di riprendere la crescita una volta tornate su terreno fresco ricco. Considerata l’esistenza di una forte connessione tra invecchiamento cellulare, nutrienti e metabolismo, abbiamo studiato i possibili effetti di alcuni composti nutraceutici, allo scopo di identificare molecole per sviluppare interventi anti-aging, oltre che aggiungere informazioni utili per comprendere meglio il processo di invecchiamento. A questo scopo, durante il primo e il secondo anno del mio progetto di dottorato, ho studiato gli effetti del resveratrolo (RSV) sulla CLS. RSV è un composto polifenolico annoverato tra i composti attivatori delle Sirtuine (STAC) ed è riconosciuto per conferire benefici su molte patologie legate all’invecchiamento. Le Sirtuine sono una famiglia di deacetilasi NAD+-dipendenti, il cui capostipite è Sir2 di S. cerevisiae, la cui attività è coinvolta sia nell’RLS che nella CLS. Inaspettatamente, abbiamo osservato che il trattamento con RSV incrementava lo stress ossidativo, in concomitanza con una notevole riduzione del pathway anti-aging della gluconeogenesi. L’attività deacetilasica di Sir2 sul suo target gluconeogenico Pck1 era incrementata, determinandone la sua inattivazione e indicando che RSV effettivamente agisce come STAC. Come conseguenza, questo causava effetti negativi sul metabolismo, determinando un fenotipo short-lived. Successivamente, ci siamo focalizzati sulla quercitina (QUER), un composto nutraceutico con proprietà benefiche su diverse patologie, incluse le malattie cardiovascolari, il cancro e la dislipidemia. Ciononostante, i target cellulari della QUER devono essere ancora esplorati. Abbiamo visto che la QUER possiede proprietà anti-aging che favoriscono un’estensione della CLS. Tutti i dati indicano un’inibizione dell’attività deacetilasica di Sir2 a seguito del trattamento con la QUER, determinando un incremento dei livelli di acetilazione e di attività di Pck1. Questo determina un rimodellamento metabolico a favore del pathway della gluconeogenesi, incrementando le riserve di trealosio e garantendo un miglioramento del processo di invecchiamento.

(2019). Nutraceutical approaches to promote healthy aging: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the discovery of anti-aging interventions. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).

Nutraceutical approaches to promote healthy aging: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the discovery of anti-aging interventions

STAMERRA, GIULIA
2019

Abstract

Since the second half of past century in many developed Countries, life expectancy has gradually increased, reaching, and in some extreme cases exceeding, the threshold of 85 years. However, the increase of life expectancy is not associated with a corresponding increment of healthy conditions for the older population. Nowadays, a huge part of population over 65 years suffers a multitude of diseases, most of them highly disabling, like cardiovascular diseases, tumour or neurodegenerative disorders. This aspect has increased the interest on age-related issues, emphasizing the importance of reducing the gap between longevity and health during aging. For this purpose, efforts of many research lines have focused on studying which are the main factors that affect aging, in order to develop approaches that mitigate the detrimental effects of aging on health. Many aging-related pathways are evolutionarily conserved from some single-celled organisms to complex multicellular ones. Such knowledge has allowed us the use of simple model organisms to study this complex biological phenomenon. In this work we used the single-celled eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which undergoes both replicative and chronological aging, two complementary models of aging, which respectively resemble the aging process of mitotically active and post-mitotic mammalian cells. In this context, replicative lifespan (RLS) is defined as the number of buds generated by a single mother cell in the presence of nutrients before death. On the contrary, chronological lifespan (CLS) is the mean and maximum period of time of surviving cells in stationary phase. It is determined, starting three days from the diauxic shift, by the capability of quiescent cells to resume growth once returning to rich fresh medium. Considering that there is a strong connection between cellular aging, nutrients and metabolism, we investigated the possible effects of some nutraceutical compounds, in order to identify molecules for anti-aging interventions, as well as add useful information to understand the aging process. To this end, during the first and second year of my PhD project, I studied the effects of resveratrol (RSV) on CLS. RSV is a polyphenolic compound counted among the Sirtuin Activator Compounds (STACs), which has been proposed to confer health benefits on different age-related diseases. Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, the founding member of which is Sir2 of S. cerevisiae, whose activity is involved in both RLS and CLS. Unexpectedly, we found that RSV supplementation increased oxidative stress in concert with a strong reduction of the anti-aging gluconeogenesis pathway. The deacetylase activity of Sir2 on its gluconeogenic target Pck1 was enhanced, resulting in its inactivation and indicating that RSV really acts as a STAC. As a consequence, this brought about detrimental effects on the survival metabolism resulting in a short-lived phenotype. Next, we focused on the study of quercetin (QUER), a nutraceutical compound with health-promoting properties on different pathologies, including cardiovascular disorders, cancer and dyslipidaemia. Nevertheless, QUER cellular targets are still being explored. We found that QUER displays anti-aging properties favouring CLS extension. All data point to an inhibition of the deacetylase activity of Sir2 following QUER supplementation, resulting in increased levels of acetylation and activity of Pck1. This determines a metabolic remodelling in favour of the pro-longevity gluconeogenesis pathway, increasing trehalose storage and ensuring healthy aging improvement.
VAI, MARINA
S. cerevisiae; invecchiamento; CLS; metabolismo; gluconeogenesi
S. cerevisiae; aging; CLS; metabolism; gluconeogenesi
BIO/11 - BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE
Italian
8-feb-2019
BIOLOGIA E BIOTECNOLOGIE - 93R
31
2017/2018
open
(2019). Nutraceutical approaches to promote healthy aging: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the discovery of anti-aging interventions. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/241137
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