In the new landscape of immunotherapies, the local microenvironment of melanoma needs to be explored and clarified in order to identify predictive biomarkers of response. In fact, not all the patients respond to checkpoint inhibition and there is the need to identify those patients that will respond in order to avoid unnecessary treatments and potential adverse effects. In order to lay the basis for a personalized therapy, we need a thorough understanding of the complexity of the local immune response. In this thesis, we first explored singularly determined types of inflammatory populations, and in particular we choosed plasma cells. We observed that aggregates of plasma cells in the surroundings of primary melanoma has a negative impact on prognosis and survival. We hypothesize that this effect may be mediated by an isotype switch toward an IgA-producing plasma cell type, to which immune-suppressive properties has been ascribed in the literature. Subsequently, we moved from the study of inflammatory subpopulations to the study of the whole microenvironment, in particular the areas of aberrant HLA-DR-expression by melanoma cells. The significance of this feature is controversial in the literature but may be important for the response to immunotherapy. Here we find with a multi-omics approach (expressomics and proteomics) that the microenvironment in HLA-DR-positive areas resembles the milieu of a germinal center, with a possible impairment of the recirculation of the inflammatory cells between the tumoral site and the lymph nodes, thereby favouring exhaustion due to chronic stimulation. Finally, we abandoned bulk-analysis approaches in favour of a single cells-analysis approachwhich allowed us to obtain a high resolution landscape of the tumor microenvironment in melanoma. We applied a high throughput multiplex immunostaining technique in order to study the activation status of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). In this way, we not only performed a functional investigation of the “brisk” and “non-brisk” morphological categories, but we also used neighbourhood analysis in order to highlight meaningful interactions between TILs and other inflammatory cells that may play a role in TILs activation. Moreover, we found that late regression in melanoma is associated with TILs activation. In conclusion, this doctoral work attempts to shed a light on some of the previously less clarified components of the inflammatory microenvironment in melanoma and implements in practice a high throughput single cells-analysis method that allows a multiparametric immunological study on tissue sections, suitable for future applications in the clinic for prediction of response to immunotherapy.
Nel nuovo panorama delle immunoterapie, il microambiente locale del melanoma necessita di essere esplorato e chiarito allo scopo di identificare marcatori predittivi di risposta. Infatti, non tutti i pazienti rispondono all’inibizione dei checkpoint immunitari, ed esiste la necessità di identificare i pazienti che risponderanno al fine di evitare trattamenti inutili e potenziali reazioni avverse. Per gettare le basi della terapia personalizzata, abbiamo bisogno di una conoscenza approfondita della complessità della risposta immunitaria locale. In questa tesi, abbiamo inizialmente esplorato singolarmente determinate popolazioni infiammatorie, in particolare abbiamo scelto le plasmacellule. Abbiamo osservato che aggregate di plasmacellule nelle vicinanze del melanoma primario hanno un impatto negative sulla prognosi e sulla sopravvivenza. Abbiamo ipotizzato che questo effetto possa essere mediato da un cambio di isotipo orientate verso un tipo di plasmacellula producente IgA, che è stato descritto in letteratura essere associato a proprietà immunosuppressive. Secondariamente, ci siamo spostati da uno studio delle sottopopolazioni infiammatorie allo studio del microambiente per intero, in particolare nelle aree con espressione aberrante di HLA-DR da parte delle cellule di melanoma. Il significato di questa espressione è controversa in letteratura, ma potrebbe essere importante per la risposta all’immunoterapia. Qui abbiamo trovato attraverso un approccio multi-omico (espressomica e proteomica) che il microambiente delle aree positive per HLA-DR reproduce quello di un centro germinativo, in associazione ad un possibile ostacolo al ricircolo delle cellule infiammatorie tra il sito tumorale e I linfonodi, favorendo l’esaustione a cause di una stimolazione immunitaria cronica. Infine, abbiamo abbandonato un approccio basato sullo studio dell’intera massa cellulare a favore di un approccio di analisi di cellule singole, che ci ha permesso di ottenere una immagine ad alta risoluzione del microambiente infiammatorio nel melanoma. Abbiamo applicato una tecnica di immunocolorazione multipla ad alto rendimento per studiare lo stato di attivazione dei linfociti infiltranti il tumore (Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes, TILs). In questo modo, non solo abbiamo eseguito una indagine funzionale delle categorie morfologiche “brisk” e “non-brisk”, ma abbiamo anche usato l’analisi di vicinanza per evidenziare interazioni significative tra I TILs e le altre popolazioni infiammatorie che possono avere un ruolo nell’attivazione dei TILs. Inoltre, abbiamo scoperto che la regressione in fase avanzata nel melanoma è associata all’attivazione dei TILs. In conclusion, questo dottorato aggiunge nuove conoscenze a riguardo di componenti precedentemente meno esplorate del microambiente infiammatorio del melanoma e implementa nella pratica un metodo di analisi di cellule singole ad alto rendimento che permette uno studio immunologico multiparametrico sulle sezioni istologiche, adatto ad applicazioni future in contest clinic per predire la risposta all’immunoterapia.
(2018). The local immune response in melanoma. In situ analysis of the micro-environmental immune-signature of primary melanoma.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
The local immune response in melanoma. In situ analysis of the micro-environmental immune-signature of primary melanoma.
BOSISIO, FRANCESCA MARIA
2018
Abstract
In the new landscape of immunotherapies, the local microenvironment of melanoma needs to be explored and clarified in order to identify predictive biomarkers of response. In fact, not all the patients respond to checkpoint inhibition and there is the need to identify those patients that will respond in order to avoid unnecessary treatments and potential adverse effects. In order to lay the basis for a personalized therapy, we need a thorough understanding of the complexity of the local immune response. In this thesis, we first explored singularly determined types of inflammatory populations, and in particular we choosed plasma cells. We observed that aggregates of plasma cells in the surroundings of primary melanoma has a negative impact on prognosis and survival. We hypothesize that this effect may be mediated by an isotype switch toward an IgA-producing plasma cell type, to which immune-suppressive properties has been ascribed in the literature. Subsequently, we moved from the study of inflammatory subpopulations to the study of the whole microenvironment, in particular the areas of aberrant HLA-DR-expression by melanoma cells. The significance of this feature is controversial in the literature but may be important for the response to immunotherapy. Here we find with a multi-omics approach (expressomics and proteomics) that the microenvironment in HLA-DR-positive areas resembles the milieu of a germinal center, with a possible impairment of the recirculation of the inflammatory cells between the tumoral site and the lymph nodes, thereby favouring exhaustion due to chronic stimulation. Finally, we abandoned bulk-analysis approaches in favour of a single cells-analysis approachwhich allowed us to obtain a high resolution landscape of the tumor microenvironment in melanoma. We applied a high throughput multiplex immunostaining technique in order to study the activation status of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). In this way, we not only performed a functional investigation of the “brisk” and “non-brisk” morphological categories, but we also used neighbourhood analysis in order to highlight meaningful interactions between TILs and other inflammatory cells that may play a role in TILs activation. Moreover, we found that late regression in melanoma is associated with TILs activation. In conclusion, this doctoral work attempts to shed a light on some of the previously less clarified components of the inflammatory microenvironment in melanoma and implements in practice a high throughput single cells-analysis method that allows a multiparametric immunological study on tissue sections, suitable for future applications in the clinic for prediction of response to immunotherapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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