The incorporation of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) into the elastomer matrix is now a growing area of interest rubber research in order to produce high-performance polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). However, the “nanoeffect” on the materials properties and performance can be observed only in the presence of controlled dispersion and distribution of filler particles in the polymer matrix. Due to their unique structure and physical properties associated with two-dimensional confinement, clay fillers are of great interest because environmental friendly, naturally occurring and readily available in large quantities at lower cost compared to the other fillers. Nevertheless the clay dispersion and distribution in the polymer matrix to the point where particles are coated by the polymer, are still extremely critical. For this, it is necessary to chemically modify a natural clay in order to favors: i) good clay compatibilization and dispersion in polymer matrix, ii) effective chemically filler-rubber interaction and simultaneously iii) well-defined NPs spatial organization and distribution that influence the material properties, such as reinforcing and hysteretical properties in rubber NCs for tire application In this context, this PhD thesis proposes the use of sepiolite (Sep) clay with intrinsically anisotropic character as possible reinforcing filler for rubber NCs. Since this system presents some drawbacks, such as poor compatibilization with the rubber, due to his hydrophilic character, and low concentration of superficial hydroxyl groups, that make them less reactive with the typical compatibilizers, the chemical surface modification of Sep fibers is mandatory. With this aim, pristine Sep was structurally modified by an acid treatment, which provides nano-sized Sep (NS-Sep) fibers with reduced particle size and increased silanol groups on the surface layer. The simultaneous functionalization with bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT) allows to obtain ex-situ compatibilized Sep (NS-SilSep). NS-Sep and NS-SilSep fibers were used to prepare styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) NCs with enhanced mechanical properties. Dynamic-mechanical analysis of Sep NCs demonstrated that the NS-Sep and NS-SilSep fibers provided an excellent balance between reinforcing and hysteretic behavior compared with large-sized pristine Sep and isotropic silica. This was related to the enhanced interfacial chemical interaction between NS-Sep/NS-SilSep and rubber, as well as to the size and self-assembly of anisotropic nanofibers. They form filler network structures, as supported by low field 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis (NMR) and transmission electron microscopy analyses (TEM). In detail, TEM analysis shows that inside elastomeric matrix, the Sep smaller size allows the self-assembly of fibers in Sep network structures, while the NMR reveals the presence of surface-immobilized rubber only in the presence of both modified NS-Sep and NS-SilSep fillers. Thus the preparation of NCs, based on Sep nanofibers obtained by a versatile acid treatment, is a simple and effective method to prepare Sep NCs suitable for advanced technological applications. An alternative approach to modified Sep fibers was proposed, suitable for prepare rubber NCs. This consists of the functionalization of Sep and SBR with amino-silane and sulfonate groups respectively, that can be positively or negatively ionized in aqueous solution and interact by ionic bonds. Thus Sep NCs were successfully prepared by solution mixing of functionalized Sep and SBR, showing an effective enhancement in the mechanical properties. Preliminary investigations support that filler-rubber ionic interaction favors the self-assembly of highly aligned filler in domains in which polymer chains are bridge between Sep fibers. In summary, the whole results suggest that Sep clay, suitable modified, can be a promising filler for energy saving tires.

L’introduzione di differenti tipi di nanoparticelle (NP) in matrici polimeriche è un’area di crescente interesse perla ricerca sulla gomma per ottenere nanocompositi polimerici (NCP) ad alte prestazioni. D’altra parte, l’effetto “nano” sulle proprietà del materiale può essere osservato solo in presenza di una dispersione e distribuzione controllate nella matrice polimerica. Grazie a proprietà strutturali e fisiche uniche, i clay sono filler di grande interesse perché a basso impatto ambientale, reperibili in natura e disponibili in grande quantità a un costo più basso rispetto agli altri filler. Ciononostante la dispersione dei clay fino al punto in cui le particelle sono rivestite dal polimero sono ancora punti estremamente critici. Per questo è necessario modificare un clay in modo tale da favorire: i) una buona compatibilizzazione e dispersione del clay nella matrice polimerica, ii) una interazione efficace tra il filler e la gomma e simultaneamente iii) una ben definita distribuzione e organizzazione spaziale delle NP, che influenzano le proprietà del materiale, così come le proprietà di rinforzo e di isteresi nei NC in gomma per applicazioni nei pneumatici. In questo contesto, questa tesi dottorale propone l’uso della sepiolite (Sep) con un carattere intrinsecamente anisotropo come possibile filler rinforzante per NC in gomma. Poiché tale sistema presenta alcuni inconvenienti, quali bassa compatibilità con la gomma dovuta al suo carattere idrofilico e bassa concentrazione di gruppi idrossilici superficiali, che lo rendono poco reattivo con i tipici compatibilizzanti, è obbligatoria la modifica chimica superficiale delle fibre di Sep. Perciò, l’originale Sep era strutturalmente modificata mediante un trattamento acido, che produce fibre di Sep di grandezza nano (NS-Sep) aventi dimensioni ridotte della particella e aumento dei siti silanolici superficiali. La simultanea funzionalizzazione con bis[3-(trietossisilil)propil]tetrasolfuro (TESPT) ha permesso di ottenere nanoparticelle di Sep precompatibilizate (NS-SilSep). Le fibre NS-Sep e NS-SilSep erano usate per preparare NC di stirene-butadiene (SBR) con migliorate proprietà meccaniche. L’analisi dinamo-meccanica dei NC a base di Sep producono un eccellente bilancio tra isteresi e rinforzo rispetto alla Sep di dimensioni maggiori a alla silice isotropica. Ciò è stato relazionato all’aumento dell’interazione interfacciale tra NS-Sep e polimero, così come alle dimensioni e all’autoassemblaggio delle nanofibre anisotropiche. Queste formano un filler network, come dimostrato dalle analisi NMR e TEM. In particolare, l’analisi TEM mostra che all’interno della matrice elastomerica, la minore grandezza delle particelle permette l’autoassemblaggio in un network organizzato, mentre l’analisi NMR evidenzia la presenza di uno strato di gomma immobilizzata solo nel caso delle fibre modificate NS-Sep e NS-SilSep. Quindi la preparazione dei NC, basati su nanofibre, ottenute mediante trattamento acido, è un efficace metodo per preparare NC contenenti Sep per applicazioni tecnologiche avanzate. Un approccio alternativo per modificare la Sep era proposto, adatto alla preparazione di NC in gomma. Questo consiste nella funzionalizzazione di Sep e SBR rispettivamente con gruppi che possono essere ionizzati positivamente o negativamente in soluzione acquosa e interagire mediante legami ionici. Quindi NC erano preparati con successo mediante mescolamento in soluzione di Sep e SBR funzionalizzati, mostrando un aumento nelle proprietà meccaniche. Analisi preliminari sostengono che l’interazione ionica filler-gomma favorisce l’autoassemblaggio dei filler fortemente allineati in domini in cui le catene polimeriche sono a ponte tra le fibre di Sep. In sintesi, questi risultati suggeriscono che la Sep, opportunamente modificata, è un promettente filler per pneumatici ad alta efficienza energetica.

(2018). NOVEL APPROACH TO RUBBER REINFORCEMENT BY SILICA BASED NANOFILLER. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).

NOVEL APPROACH TO RUBBER REINFORCEMENT BY SILICA BASED NANOFILLER

COBANI, ELKID
2018

Abstract

The incorporation of different types of nanoparticles (NPs) into the elastomer matrix is now a growing area of interest rubber research in order to produce high-performance polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). However, the “nanoeffect” on the materials properties and performance can be observed only in the presence of controlled dispersion and distribution of filler particles in the polymer matrix. Due to their unique structure and physical properties associated with two-dimensional confinement, clay fillers are of great interest because environmental friendly, naturally occurring and readily available in large quantities at lower cost compared to the other fillers. Nevertheless the clay dispersion and distribution in the polymer matrix to the point where particles are coated by the polymer, are still extremely critical. For this, it is necessary to chemically modify a natural clay in order to favors: i) good clay compatibilization and dispersion in polymer matrix, ii) effective chemically filler-rubber interaction and simultaneously iii) well-defined NPs spatial organization and distribution that influence the material properties, such as reinforcing and hysteretical properties in rubber NCs for tire application In this context, this PhD thesis proposes the use of sepiolite (Sep) clay with intrinsically anisotropic character as possible reinforcing filler for rubber NCs. Since this system presents some drawbacks, such as poor compatibilization with the rubber, due to his hydrophilic character, and low concentration of superficial hydroxyl groups, that make them less reactive with the typical compatibilizers, the chemical surface modification of Sep fibers is mandatory. With this aim, pristine Sep was structurally modified by an acid treatment, which provides nano-sized Sep (NS-Sep) fibers with reduced particle size and increased silanol groups on the surface layer. The simultaneous functionalization with bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT) allows to obtain ex-situ compatibilized Sep (NS-SilSep). NS-Sep and NS-SilSep fibers were used to prepare styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) NCs with enhanced mechanical properties. Dynamic-mechanical analysis of Sep NCs demonstrated that the NS-Sep and NS-SilSep fibers provided an excellent balance between reinforcing and hysteretic behavior compared with large-sized pristine Sep and isotropic silica. This was related to the enhanced interfacial chemical interaction between NS-Sep/NS-SilSep and rubber, as well as to the size and self-assembly of anisotropic nanofibers. They form filler network structures, as supported by low field 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis (NMR) and transmission electron microscopy analyses (TEM). In detail, TEM analysis shows that inside elastomeric matrix, the Sep smaller size allows the self-assembly of fibers in Sep network structures, while the NMR reveals the presence of surface-immobilized rubber only in the presence of both modified NS-Sep and NS-SilSep fillers. Thus the preparation of NCs, based on Sep nanofibers obtained by a versatile acid treatment, is a simple and effective method to prepare Sep NCs suitable for advanced technological applications. An alternative approach to modified Sep fibers was proposed, suitable for prepare rubber NCs. This consists of the functionalization of Sep and SBR with amino-silane and sulfonate groups respectively, that can be positively or negatively ionized in aqueous solution and interact by ionic bonds. Thus Sep NCs were successfully prepared by solution mixing of functionalized Sep and SBR, showing an effective enhancement in the mechanical properties. Preliminary investigations support that filler-rubber ionic interaction favors the self-assembly of highly aligned filler in domains in which polymer chains are bridge between Sep fibers. In summary, the whole results suggest that Sep clay, suitable modified, can be a promising filler for energy saving tires.
DI CREDICO, BARBARA
Sepiolite,; rubber,; self-assembly,; nanocomposite,; reinforcement
Sepiolite,; rubber,; self-assembly,; nanocomposite,; reinforcement
CHIM/03 - CHIMICA GENERALE E INORGANICA
English
21-mar-2018
SCIENZA E NANOTECNOLOGIA DEI MATERIALI - 79R
30
2016/2017
open
(2018). NOVEL APPROACH TO RUBBER REINFORCEMENT BY SILICA BASED NANOFILLER. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/199117
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