The neuronal “GABAergic switch” represents a critical event that occurs early in life before birth, during brain development, characterized by the excitatory-to-inhibitory transition of the GABAergic transmission. Impairments in the accomplishment of this event have been associated to a remarkable excitation/inhibition network imbalance, usually linked to cognitive disabilities and behavioural deficits, typical hallmarks of neurodevelopmental disorders. Even though molecular mechanisms of the GABA switch have been widely described, novel regulators of this event are being continuously characterized. It is well known that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent good candidates for therapeutic interventions, given their positive roles in neuroprotection against immune-mediated and neurological diseases. However, raising evidences are considering MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) better candidates than the whole cells for clinical applications, bearing more safety and less side effects. Among the immunomodulatory molecules, increasing studies consider the cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a novel trophic factor, despite its well described role in neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism. By taking advantage of a combination of functional (calcium and chloride imaging) and molecular approaches (RT-PCRs), we found that MSC-EVs but not MSCs accelerated the timing of the GABA switch and boosted the expression of the GABA inhibitory synaptic markers. Likewise, IL-6 early exposure in neurons accelerated the timing of the GABA switch by enhancing the GABAergic transmission and upregulating the expression of KCC2, in a STAT3- dependent manner. Given several evidences suggesting the presence of IL-6 within the MSC-MV cargo it is possible to speculate about their synergistic action when combined. All these data open the possibility to harness such system as a new therapeutical approach, for delivering safe and nontoxic organelles to those pathological conditions characterized by a delayed GABA switch, such as neurodevelopmental disorders.

L'acido Gamma Amino butirrico, noto come GABA, rappresenta il principale neurotrasmettitore inibitorio del Sistema Nervoso nell'individuo adulto. Tuttavia, durante le precoci fasi di sviluppo, il GABA ha attività depolarizzante ed eccitatoria, fondamentale per il successivo e corretto sviluppo della rete. Il "GABA switch" rappresenta quindi un evento critico dello sviluppo neuronale, caratterizzato da uno shift funzionale della trasmissione GABAergica, da eccitatoria a inibitoria, le cui alterazioni sono comuni caratteristiche dei disordini del neurosviluppo, solitamente associati a disabilità cognitive e deficit comportamentali. Anche se i meccanismi molecolari del switch del GABA sono stati ampiamente descritti, nuovi regolatori di questo evento sono continuamente individuati e caratterizzati. È noto che le Cellule Staminali Mesenchimali (MSC) rappresentano buoni candidati a fini terapeutici, data la loro influenza positiva nella neuroprotezione verso le malattie neurologiche e immuno-mediate. Tuttavia, sempre più crescenti evidenze stanno dimostrando che le vescicole extracellulari (EVs) derivate da MSCs potrebbero rappresentare delle candidate migliori rispetto all'utilizzo di cellule per possibili applicazioni cliniche, mostrando un miglior profilo di sicurezza e utilizzo, e minori effetti collaterali. Tra le molecole immunomodulatorie, notevoli studi considerano l'Interleuchina 6 (IL-6) come un nuovo fattore neurotrofico, nonostante il suo ruolo ben descritto nelle malattie dello sviluppo neurologico, come l'autismo. Combinando tecniche funzionali (imaging di calcio e cloro) e approcci molecolari (RT-PCR), abbiamo osservato che le MSC-EVs, ma non le MSCs promuovono il GABA switch e aumentano l'espressione dei marcatori sinaptici inibitori del GABA. Allo stesso modo, l'esposizione precoce di IL-6 nei neuroni ippocampali, accelera il GABA switch modulando la trasmissione GABAergica e sovraregolando l'espressione di KCC2, in modo STAT-3- dipendente. Studi in letteratura suggeriscono la presenza di citochine come IL-6 all'interno delle MSC-MVs, ed è per questo possibile speculare sull'azione sinergica di questi due fattori, se combinati insieme. ILe evidenze osservate in questo lavoro aprono la possibilità di sfruttare tale sistema come nuovo approccio terapeutico, per veicolare molecule immunomodulanti tramite organelli sicuri e non tossici, in quelle condizioni patologiche caratterizzate da un ritardato GABA switch, come nel caso dei disordini dello neurosviluppo.

(2018). Regulation of the GABA switch by immunomodulatory signals. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).

Regulation of the GABA switch by immunomodulatory signals

DESIATO, GENNI
2018

Abstract

The neuronal “GABAergic switch” represents a critical event that occurs early in life before birth, during brain development, characterized by the excitatory-to-inhibitory transition of the GABAergic transmission. Impairments in the accomplishment of this event have been associated to a remarkable excitation/inhibition network imbalance, usually linked to cognitive disabilities and behavioural deficits, typical hallmarks of neurodevelopmental disorders. Even though molecular mechanisms of the GABA switch have been widely described, novel regulators of this event are being continuously characterized. It is well known that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent good candidates for therapeutic interventions, given their positive roles in neuroprotection against immune-mediated and neurological diseases. However, raising evidences are considering MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) better candidates than the whole cells for clinical applications, bearing more safety and less side effects. Among the immunomodulatory molecules, increasing studies consider the cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a novel trophic factor, despite its well described role in neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism. By taking advantage of a combination of functional (calcium and chloride imaging) and molecular approaches (RT-PCRs), we found that MSC-EVs but not MSCs accelerated the timing of the GABA switch and boosted the expression of the GABA inhibitory synaptic markers. Likewise, IL-6 early exposure in neurons accelerated the timing of the GABA switch by enhancing the GABAergic transmission and upregulating the expression of KCC2, in a STAT3- dependent manner. Given several evidences suggesting the presence of IL-6 within the MSC-MV cargo it is possible to speculate about their synergistic action when combined. All these data open the possibility to harness such system as a new therapeutical approach, for delivering safe and nontoxic organelles to those pathological conditions characterized by a delayed GABA switch, such as neurodevelopmental disorders.
COCO, SILVIA
POZZI, DAVIDE
GABA,; MSCs,; Microvesicles,; IL-6,; Neurodevelopment
GABA,; MSCs,; Microvesicles,; IL-6,; Neurodevelopment
BIO/14 - FARMACOLOGIA
English
23-feb-2018
NEUROSCIENZE - 90R
30
2016/2017
open
(2018). Regulation of the GABA switch by immunomodulatory signals. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/199045
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