Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an epithelial cancer arising from the biliary tree. CCA carries a poor prognosis, owing to early and pronounced invasiveness, and resistance to chemotherapy. The aggressiveness of CCA cells is exacerbated by the desmoplastic stroma developing in conjunction with tumor outgrowth, which mainly consists of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages, and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). During my PhD studies, I sought to dissect the nature and the biological relevance of the dense paracrine communications between stromal and cancer cells in CCA, in an effort to unveil the molecular mechanisms driving tumor progression. In a first study, we focused on a pleiotropic cytokine named leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which we found to be released not only by CCA cells, but also by inflammatory cells and CAFs within the tumor microenvironment. We showed that LIF hindered the induction of apoptosis in CCA cells treated with gemcitabine plus cisplatin, an effect dependent on the up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl)-1, occurring downstream of PI3K activation. Therefore, targeting the LIF/PI3K/Mcl-1 axis may represent a feasible strategy to increase CCA responsiveness to chemotherapy. In a second study, we considered a classic readout of tumor-stroma interactions, i.e., the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells, a process underlying carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Previously, we had shown that S100A4, an EMT biomarker, acts as a mechanistic determinant of CCA invasiveness when expressed in the nucleus of cancer cells. We then demonstrated that the nuclearization of S100A4 was dependent on its SUMOylation, which could be inhibited by treating CCA cells with paclitaxel at nanomolar doses. Down-modulation of nuclear S100A4 hampered the activity of RhoA and Cdc42, the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and the expression of membrane-type (MT)1-MMP. Moreover, low-dose paclitaxel significantly impaired CCA cell invasiveness, both in vitro and in a SCID mouse xenograft model, implying that a selective reduction in S100A4 nuclear expression may prevent tumor dissemination in CCA patients. In a third study, we aimed at clarifying whether the interplay between CCA cells and CAFs could drive tumor lymphangiogenesis, a process of utmost importance for CCA metastatization. We showed that, upon stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D, a major mediator of CAF recruitment by CCA cells, fibroblasts increased the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C, due to the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK. Consistently, conditioned medium from PDGF-D-treated fibroblasts promoted the recruitment of LECs, along with their assembly in 3-D vascular structures, and both effects could be prevented by antagonizing either PDGF receptor β on fibroblasts, or VEGF receptors 2 and 3 on LECs. The permeability of LEC monolayers was also increased by PDGF-D-treated fibroblasts, supporting the trans-endothelial migration of CCA cells. Overall, we unveiled the presence of a sequential cross-talk among CCA cells, CAFs and LECs, whose disruption may interfere with CCA metastatic spread. In conclusion, our results validate the notion that the tumor stroma strongly promotes the progression of CCA, both by directly shaping the behavior of cancer cells, and by setting up a microenvironment conducive to metastasis. Hopefully, a comprehensive understanding of the mutual interactions between cancer and stromal cells will lead to the development of innovative, multitargeted therapies that may more effectively eradicate the tumor.

Il colangiocarcinoma (CCA) è una neoplasia epiteliale che origina dai dotti biliari, ed è caratterizzata da una prognosi infausta, imputabile alla spiccata invasività e alla resistenza alla chemioterapia. L’aggressività delle cellule di CCA è esacerbata dallo stroma desmoplastico che si sviluppa contestualmente alla crescita tumorale, contenente fibroblasti cancro-associati (CAF), macrofagi tumore-associati e cellule endoteliali linfatiche (LEC). Durante il mio dottorato, ho analizzato la natura e la rilevanza biologica dei segnali paracrini intercorrenti tra cellule stromali e tumorali nel CCA, nel tentativo di chiarire i meccanismi molecolari che guidano la progressione tumorale. In un primo studio, abbiamo esaminato la citochina pleiotropica Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), che abbiamo scoperto essere secreta non solo dalle cellule di CCA, ma anche dalle cellule infiammatorie e dai CAF all’interno del microambiente tumorale. Abbiamo dimostrato che il LIF ostacolava l’induzione di apoptosi in cellule di CCA trattate con gemcitabina e cisplatino, tramite attivazione del pathway PI3K/Akt, e conseguente up-regolazione della proteina anti-apoptotica Myeloid Cell Leukemia (Mcl)-1. In un secondo studio, abbiamo considerato un tipico readout delle interazioni stroma-tumore, ovvero la transizione epitelio-mesenchimale (EMT) delle cellule carcinomatose, un fenomeno alla base dell’invasione tumorale. In precedenza, avevamo dimostrato che S100A4, un biomarcatore della EMT, promuove attivamente l’invasività del CCA quando espresso nel nucleo delle cellule tumorali. Abbiamo quindi osservato che la nuclearizzazione di S100A4 era dipendente dalla sua SUMOilazione, che poteva essere inibita trattando le cellule di CCA con dosi nanomolari di paclitaxel. La riduzione dei livelli nucleari di S100A4 si associava ad una diminuzione dell’attività di RhoA e Cdc42, della secrezione della metalloproteinasi della matrice (MMP)-9, e dell’espressione della MMP di membrana di tipo 1. Inoltre, il paclitaxel a basse dosi attenuava l’invasività delle cellule di CCA, sia in vitro sia in un modello xenograft. In un terzo studio, abbiamo ipotizzato che la comunicazione tra cellule di CCA e CAF potesse promuovere la linfoangiogenesi tumorale, un processo di fondamentale importanza per la metastatizzazione del CCA. Abbiamo dimostrato che, dopo stimolazione con il Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)-D, un mediatore cruciale del reclutamento dei CAF da parte delle cellule di CCA, i fibroblasti incrementavano la secrezione del Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A e del VEGF-C, in virtù dell’attivazione delle chinasi ERK1/2 e JNK. Coerentemente, il medium condizionato derivato da fibroblasti trattati con il PDGF-D promuoveva la migrazione delle LEC e il loro assemblaggio in strutture vascolari 3D, ed entrambi gli effetti erano prevenuti bloccando il recettore β del PDGF a livello dei fibroblasti, o i recettori 2 e 3 dei VEGF a livello delle LEC. Anche la permeabilità di LEC in monostrato era aumentata dai fibroblasti stimolati con il PDGF-D, così da favorire la migrazione trans-endoteliale delle cellule di CCA. In conclusione, i nostri risultati confermano che lo stroma tumorale è in grado di alimentare la progressione del CCA, sia modulando direttamente il comportamento delle cellule tumorali, sia allestendo un microambiente favorevole alla diffusione metastatica. Una piena comprensione delle interazioni tra cellule neoplastiche e stromali nel CCA potrebbe portare in futuro allo sviluppo di terapie innovative e “multi-target” in grado di eradicare più efficacemente il tumore.

(2018). Molecular mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma progression: emphasizing the role of tumor-stroma interactions. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).

Molecular mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma progression: emphasizing the role of tumor-stroma interactions

BRIVIO, SIMONE
2018

Abstract

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an epithelial cancer arising from the biliary tree. CCA carries a poor prognosis, owing to early and pronounced invasiveness, and resistance to chemotherapy. The aggressiveness of CCA cells is exacerbated by the desmoplastic stroma developing in conjunction with tumor outgrowth, which mainly consists of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages, and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). During my PhD studies, I sought to dissect the nature and the biological relevance of the dense paracrine communications between stromal and cancer cells in CCA, in an effort to unveil the molecular mechanisms driving tumor progression. In a first study, we focused on a pleiotropic cytokine named leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which we found to be released not only by CCA cells, but also by inflammatory cells and CAFs within the tumor microenvironment. We showed that LIF hindered the induction of apoptosis in CCA cells treated with gemcitabine plus cisplatin, an effect dependent on the up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl)-1, occurring downstream of PI3K activation. Therefore, targeting the LIF/PI3K/Mcl-1 axis may represent a feasible strategy to increase CCA responsiveness to chemotherapy. In a second study, we considered a classic readout of tumor-stroma interactions, i.e., the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells, a process underlying carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Previously, we had shown that S100A4, an EMT biomarker, acts as a mechanistic determinant of CCA invasiveness when expressed in the nucleus of cancer cells. We then demonstrated that the nuclearization of S100A4 was dependent on its SUMOylation, which could be inhibited by treating CCA cells with paclitaxel at nanomolar doses. Down-modulation of nuclear S100A4 hampered the activity of RhoA and Cdc42, the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and the expression of membrane-type (MT)1-MMP. Moreover, low-dose paclitaxel significantly impaired CCA cell invasiveness, both in vitro and in a SCID mouse xenograft model, implying that a selective reduction in S100A4 nuclear expression may prevent tumor dissemination in CCA patients. In a third study, we aimed at clarifying whether the interplay between CCA cells and CAFs could drive tumor lymphangiogenesis, a process of utmost importance for CCA metastatization. We showed that, upon stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D, a major mediator of CAF recruitment by CCA cells, fibroblasts increased the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C, due to the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK. Consistently, conditioned medium from PDGF-D-treated fibroblasts promoted the recruitment of LECs, along with their assembly in 3-D vascular structures, and both effects could be prevented by antagonizing either PDGF receptor β on fibroblasts, or VEGF receptors 2 and 3 on LECs. The permeability of LEC monolayers was also increased by PDGF-D-treated fibroblasts, supporting the trans-endothelial migration of CCA cells. Overall, we unveiled the presence of a sequential cross-talk among CCA cells, CAFs and LECs, whose disruption may interfere with CCA metastatic spread. In conclusion, our results validate the notion that the tumor stroma strongly promotes the progression of CCA, both by directly shaping the behavior of cancer cells, and by setting up a microenvironment conducive to metastasis. Hopefully, a comprehensive understanding of the mutual interactions between cancer and stromal cells will lead to the development of innovative, multitargeted therapies that may more effectively eradicate the tumor.
STRAZZABOSCO, MARIO
FABRIS, LUCA
cholangiocarcinoma,; desmoplasia,; fibroblast,; metastasis,; chemoresistance
cholangiocarcinoma,; desmoplasia,; fibroblast,; metastasis,; chemoresistance
MED/12 - GASTROENTEROLOGIA
English
20-mar-2018
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET - 76R
30
2016/2017
open
(2018). Molecular mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma progression: emphasizing the role of tumor-stroma interactions. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/199031
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