The Zancleida is a poorly studied yet heterogeneous superfamily of hydrozoans that shows a wide range of morphological and ecological features. Many species in this group have complex and confusing taxonomic histories, due to the paucity of informative morphological characters, the scant available data on their life cycles, and the few molecular studies. Additionally, several species have evolved a symbiotic lifestyle and live in more or less specialised associations with a variety of other organisms, including scleractinian corals, octocorals, sponges, bryozoans, algae, and molluscs. With this work, the three symbiotic families Zancleidae, Cladocorynidae, and Sphaerocorynidae were comprehensively sampled and analysed with both morphology-based and DNA-based techniques, in order to characterise their diversity, distribution, ecology and evolution. This integrative approach allowed to shed light on the phylogenetic relationships within each family, to detect many new and cryptic species and genera, to clarify the hydrozoan-host relationships, and to better understand the evolution of peculiar morphological traits and ecological preferences. Specifically, species delimitation techniques revealed that coral-associated Zanclea and octocoral-associated Pteroclava are composed of several cryptic species with different host preference and specificity and different distribution. Moreover, ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the ancestor of coral-associated Zanclea was likely to be polymorphic, equipped with a perisarc-covered hydrorhiza, and host-specific. The integrative taxonomy approach also allowed to re-evaluate the phylogenetic position of some taxa, such as Zanclea timida, which is here moved from the family Zancleidae to the Cladocorynidae and accommodated to the newly erected genus Pseudozanclea, based on both morphological and molecular data. Similarly, the two new sphaerocorynid genera Astrocoryne and Sphaerocorynoides were described and the taxonomy and systematics of the whole family was clarified. The family Zancleidae is the most speciose group within the Zancleida but phylogenetic analyses revealed that this family, as well as the genera Zanclea and Halocoryne, are polyphyletic, whereas the genus Zanclella was recovered monophyletic. Moreover, Zanclea seems to harbour a cryptic diversity in other species than those associated with corals, such as in Zanclea divergens. Finally, an updated and well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the whole Zancleida was presented and used to investigate the evolution of selected morphological and ecological characters. In many cases, independent lineages within this superfamily evolved similar structures and, generally, the analysed characters seem to have been easily lost and regained during the evolution of these organisms. Overall, the inclusion of previously unsampled species and genera, as well as new phylogenetically informative molecular markers, allowed to build more robust phylogenies than in previous studies and to clarify the evolutionary history of the three analysed families. The results indicate that these often overlooked organisms harbour a great, previously unknown diversity and highlight the importance of their characterisation in changing ecosystems such as coral reefs.
Gli Zancleida sono una superfamiglia di idrozoi poco studiata ma eterogenea, e presentano una grande varietà di caratteristiche morfologiche ed ecologiche. In questo gruppo di organismi, molte specie hanno storie tassonomiche complesse e confuse, a causa della scarsità di caratteri morfologici informativi, dei pochi dati disponibili sui cicli vitali e dei pochi studi molecolari svolti. Inoltre, molte specie hanno evoluto uno stile di vita simbiotico e vivono in associazioni più o meno strette con sclerattinie, ottocoralli, spugne, briozoi, alghe e molluschi. Con questo lavoro, le tre famiglie simbiotiche Zancleidae, Cladocorynidae e Sphaerocorynidae sono state ampiamente campionate ed analizzate utilizzando tecniche morfologiche e molecolari, al fine di descrivere la loro diversità, distribuzione, ecologia ed evoluzione. Questo approccio integrativo ha permesso di chiarire le relazioni filogenetiche all’interno di ciascuna famiglia, di individuare specie e generi nuovi e criptici, di analizzare le relazioni tra idrozoo e ospite, e di meglio comprendere l’evoluzione di tratti morfologici e preferenze ecologiche peculiari. In particolare, le tecniche di delimitazione di specie hanno rivelato che Zanclea associata a coralli e Pteroclava associata ad ottocoralli sono composte da numerose specie criptiche con diversa preferenza e specificità di ospite e diversa distribuzione. Inoltre, le ricostruzioni degli stati ancestrali di alcuni caratteri hanno mostrato che l’antenato comune alle specie di Zanclea associate a coralli era probabilmente polimorfico, con l’idroriza ricoperta da perisarco e ospite-specifico. L’approccio di tassonomia integrativa ha anche permesso di rivalutare la posizione filogenetica di alcuni taxa, come Zanclea timida, la quale è stata spostata dalla famiglia Zancleidae alla famiglia Cladocorynidae e posizionata nel nuovo genere Pseudozanclea. In maniera simile, sono stati descritti due nuovi generi di Sphaerocorynidae, ovvero Astrocoryne e Sphaerocorynoides, e la tassonomia e sistematica di tutta la famiglia è stata rivisitata e chiarificata. La famiglia Zancleidae è il gruppo più ricco in specie all’interno degli Zancleida, ma le analisi filogenetiche hanno mostrato che questa famiglia, così come due dei generi che la compongono (Zanclea e Halocoryne) sono polifiletici, mentre il genere Zanclella è stato dimostrato essere monofiletico. Inoltre, Zanclea sembra ospitare una diversità criptica in altre specie oltre quelle associate a coralli, come in Zanclea divergens. Infine, è stata presentata un’ipotesi filogenetica aggiornata e ben supportata per l’intera superfamiglia Zancleida e questa ipotesi è stata utilizzata per studiare l’evoluzione di alcuni caratteri morfologici ed ecologici. In molti casi, linee evolutive indipendenti hanno sviluppato strutture simili e, in generale, i caratteri analizzati sembrano essere facilmente persi e riacquisiti durante l’evoluzione. Complessivamente, l’inclusione nelle analisi di specie e generi prima non analizzati e di nuovi marcatori molecolari ha permesso di costruire ipotesi filogenetiche meglio supportate rispetto a studi precedenti e di fare chiarezza sulla storia evolutiva delle tre famiglie analizzate. I risultati ottenuti indicano che questi organismi spesso trascurati ospitano una grande diversità, precedentemente non nota, e sottolineano l’importanza del loro studio e caratterizzazione, in particolare in ecosistemi soggetti a grandi cambiamenti, quali le scogliere coralline.
(2018). New insights into the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the Zancleida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018).
New insights into the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the Zancleida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria)
MAGGIONI, DAVIDE
2018
Abstract
The Zancleida is a poorly studied yet heterogeneous superfamily of hydrozoans that shows a wide range of morphological and ecological features. Many species in this group have complex and confusing taxonomic histories, due to the paucity of informative morphological characters, the scant available data on their life cycles, and the few molecular studies. Additionally, several species have evolved a symbiotic lifestyle and live in more or less specialised associations with a variety of other organisms, including scleractinian corals, octocorals, sponges, bryozoans, algae, and molluscs. With this work, the three symbiotic families Zancleidae, Cladocorynidae, and Sphaerocorynidae were comprehensively sampled and analysed with both morphology-based and DNA-based techniques, in order to characterise their diversity, distribution, ecology and evolution. This integrative approach allowed to shed light on the phylogenetic relationships within each family, to detect many new and cryptic species and genera, to clarify the hydrozoan-host relationships, and to better understand the evolution of peculiar morphological traits and ecological preferences. Specifically, species delimitation techniques revealed that coral-associated Zanclea and octocoral-associated Pteroclava are composed of several cryptic species with different host preference and specificity and different distribution. Moreover, ancestral state reconstructions revealed that the ancestor of coral-associated Zanclea was likely to be polymorphic, equipped with a perisarc-covered hydrorhiza, and host-specific. The integrative taxonomy approach also allowed to re-evaluate the phylogenetic position of some taxa, such as Zanclea timida, which is here moved from the family Zancleidae to the Cladocorynidae and accommodated to the newly erected genus Pseudozanclea, based on both morphological and molecular data. Similarly, the two new sphaerocorynid genera Astrocoryne and Sphaerocorynoides were described and the taxonomy and systematics of the whole family was clarified. The family Zancleidae is the most speciose group within the Zancleida but phylogenetic analyses revealed that this family, as well as the genera Zanclea and Halocoryne, are polyphyletic, whereas the genus Zanclella was recovered monophyletic. Moreover, Zanclea seems to harbour a cryptic diversity in other species than those associated with corals, such as in Zanclea divergens. Finally, an updated and well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the whole Zancleida was presented and used to investigate the evolution of selected morphological and ecological characters. In many cases, independent lineages within this superfamily evolved similar structures and, generally, the analysed characters seem to have been easily lost and regained during the evolution of these organisms. Overall, the inclusion of previously unsampled species and genera, as well as new phylogenetically informative molecular markers, allowed to build more robust phylogenies than in previous studies and to clarify the evolutionary history of the three analysed families. The results indicate that these often overlooked organisms harbour a great, previously unknown diversity and highlight the importance of their characterisation in changing ecosystems such as coral reefs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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