International relations are governed by customs, which are repeated conduct of States (practice) based on acceptance as law (opinio juris), other than by treaties willingly concluded by States. Article 31.3.b) of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (VCLT), however, allows to interpret a treaty via the ‘subsequent practice’ of States, under certain conditions: such practice must be connected to the treaty, and show the agreement of State parties about interpretation. The goal of the thesis is to ascertain how such ‘subsequent practice’ relates to that practice which represents the material element of custom. Attempting to realize such comparison, the starting point must be the recent work of the International Law Commission, which in 2012 assigned two special rapporteurs to the topics of identification of custom and of subsequent agreement and practice in treaty interpretation. Their reports contain Conclusions about various themes connected to practice, which the present thesis places special emphasis upon. Every chapter deals with a theme, analyzing practice from a certain point of view: the first part of each one underlines those Conclusions that mostly relate with the theme, while the second part highlights analogies and differences, using doctrine to substantiate further reflection. The first chapter concerns the ‘objective’ aspect of practice, meaning the various conditions required for practice to perform its normative, customary function, and its interpretative, conventional one. The possibility arises to understand the requirement of unanimous agreements of the States parties to the treaty, explicitly called for by article 31.3.b) VCLT, as either an ‘objective’ requirement of practice, or as a ‘psychological element’, like the opinio juris in customary international law. The second chapter refers to the ‘subjective’ side of practice, meaning the conditions required for its attribution to a State, but also the role of other non State actors that operate at the international level (though lacking legal personality in the technical sense). Any State organ could generate practice potentially becoming custom, regardless of the competence of each to enter international relations, though the internal hierarchy between organs must be accounted for to assess its weight. ‘Subsequent practice’ also needs to execute a conventional obligation, thus requiring to be directly effected by organs capable to implement the treaty, or authorized by such organs. One particularly elusive question regards the possibility to attribute to a State the conduct of an international organization, since one could scarcely outline in the abstract the criteria to that end. Practice of other non State actors merely serves in the realm of evidence, or as an impulse for practice by States themselves. The third chapter examines the role of practice in the relation between customs and treaties, and proposes to verify if and how the conduct of States parties to a treaty in its implementation could be used not just to interpret, but also to modify its provisions. Such a modification could be effected via the practice itself (‘informal modification’), when an agreement to that purpose exists; certainly, one should consider that possibility as an extrema ratio, considering the ample scope of interpretation that the VCLT allows. This hypothesis differs from modifications realized via subsequent customs, and becomes even more challenging if considering the possibility of modifying a codified custom, where that two norms exist, one conventional and one customary, whose content is the same, but both capable of different evolution.

Le relazioni internazionali sono disciplinate da consuetudini, ossia comportamenti ripetuti dagli Stati (prassi) in funzione di una convinzione di giuridicità (opinio juris), oltre che da trattati volontariamente conclusi dagli Stati. La Convenzione di Vienna del 1969 sul diritto dei trattati (VCLT), all’articolo 31.3.b), consente tuttavia di interpretare un trattato attraverso la ‘prassi successiva’ degli Stati, al ricorrere di determinate condizioni: la prassi dev’essere collegata al trattato, e testimoniare un accordo degli Stati parte circa l’interpretazione. L’obiettivo della tesi è verificare in che modo tale prassi successiva si rapporti a quella che rappresenta l’elemento materiale della consuetudine. Nel tentativo di operare tale confronto, il punto di partenza è il recente lavoro della Commissione di Diritto Internazionale, che nel 2012 ha assegnato due Relatori Speciali rispettivamente al tema dell’identificazione delle consuetudini e a quello dell’analisi di accordi e prassi successiva. I loro rapporti contengono Conclusioni relative a vari temi connessi alla prassi, rilevanti per il presente lavoro. La divisione dei tre capitoli è tematica, nel senso che ciascun capitolo indaga il ruolo della prassi a partire da una determinata prospettiva: la prima parte di ciascuno riprende le Conclusioni maggiormente connesse, mentre la seconda evidenzia analogie e differenze, accompagnate da alcune riflessioni sostenute dalla dottrina. Il primo capitolo è dedicato all’aspetto ‘oggettivo’ della prassi, ossia l’insieme dei requisiti materiali di questa, al fine di svolgere la funzione normativa (consuetudinaria) e interpretativa (convenzionale). Emerge in particolare la possibilità di qualificare il requisito richiesto dall’articolo 31.3.b) VCLT, ossia l’accordo unanime degli Stati parte, come connotato ‘oggettivo’ della prassi, oppure come ‘elemento soggettivo\psicologico’, come l’opinio juris nella consuetudine internazionale. Il secondo capitolo riguarda l’aspetto ‘soggettivo’, ossia l’attribuzione di una condotta allo Stato, ma anche il ruolo di altri soggetti diversi che operano sul piano del diritto internazionale (pur non ‘soggetti’ dell’ordinamento in senso tecino). Tutti gli organi dello Stato potrebbero produrre prassi capace di divenire consuetudine, indipendentemente dalla competenza di ciascuno circa le relazioni internazionali, mentre i rapporti gerarchici interni rileverebbero al fine di stabilire il valore della prassi. La ‘prassi successiva’, invece, dovrebbe dare esecuzione ad un vincolo convenzionale, quindi provenire o essere autorizzata da un organo competente ad applicare il trattato. Una questione delicata riguarda la possibilità di attribuire allo Stato la condotta di un’organizzazione internazionale, benché non possano darsi in astratto criteri utili a tal fine. La prassi di altri enti non statali svolge invece una funzione di tipo precipuamente probatorio, oppure di impulso alla prassi Statale. L’ultimo capitolo riguarda il ruolo della prassi nel rapporto tra consuetudini e trattati, per verificare in che senso la condotta degli Stati contraenti possa essere usata non solo per interpretare il trattato, ma anche per modificarlo. Tale modifica potrebbe attuarsi per mezzo della prassi in sé (‘modifica informale’), quando sussista un accordo unanime delle parti; si tratterebbe in ogni caso di una extrema ratio, a fronte dell’ampio margine interpretativo concesso dalla VCLT. Occorrere distinguere tale ipotesi dalla modifica per mezzo di una consuetudine sopravvenuta, e indagare più a fondo la modifica di una norma consuetudinaria codificata, ossia compresente sia sul piano consuetudinario che su quello pattizio.

(2017). La prassi degli Stati nella formazione e nell’interpretazione delle norme internazionali. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

La prassi degli Stati nella formazione e nell’interpretazione delle norme internazionali

ZAPPAROLI, FRANCESCO
2017

Abstract

International relations are governed by customs, which are repeated conduct of States (practice) based on acceptance as law (opinio juris), other than by treaties willingly concluded by States. Article 31.3.b) of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (VCLT), however, allows to interpret a treaty via the ‘subsequent practice’ of States, under certain conditions: such practice must be connected to the treaty, and show the agreement of State parties about interpretation. The goal of the thesis is to ascertain how such ‘subsequent practice’ relates to that practice which represents the material element of custom. Attempting to realize such comparison, the starting point must be the recent work of the International Law Commission, which in 2012 assigned two special rapporteurs to the topics of identification of custom and of subsequent agreement and practice in treaty interpretation. Their reports contain Conclusions about various themes connected to practice, which the present thesis places special emphasis upon. Every chapter deals with a theme, analyzing practice from a certain point of view: the first part of each one underlines those Conclusions that mostly relate with the theme, while the second part highlights analogies and differences, using doctrine to substantiate further reflection. The first chapter concerns the ‘objective’ aspect of practice, meaning the various conditions required for practice to perform its normative, customary function, and its interpretative, conventional one. The possibility arises to understand the requirement of unanimous agreements of the States parties to the treaty, explicitly called for by article 31.3.b) VCLT, as either an ‘objective’ requirement of practice, or as a ‘psychological element’, like the opinio juris in customary international law. The second chapter refers to the ‘subjective’ side of practice, meaning the conditions required for its attribution to a State, but also the role of other non State actors that operate at the international level (though lacking legal personality in the technical sense). Any State organ could generate practice potentially becoming custom, regardless of the competence of each to enter international relations, though the internal hierarchy between organs must be accounted for to assess its weight. ‘Subsequent practice’ also needs to execute a conventional obligation, thus requiring to be directly effected by organs capable to implement the treaty, or authorized by such organs. One particularly elusive question regards the possibility to attribute to a State the conduct of an international organization, since one could scarcely outline in the abstract the criteria to that end. Practice of other non State actors merely serves in the realm of evidence, or as an impulse for practice by States themselves. The third chapter examines the role of practice in the relation between customs and treaties, and proposes to verify if and how the conduct of States parties to a treaty in its implementation could be used not just to interpret, but also to modify its provisions. Such a modification could be effected via the practice itself (‘informal modification’), when an agreement to that purpose exists; certainly, one should consider that possibility as an extrema ratio, considering the ample scope of interpretation that the VCLT allows. This hypothesis differs from modifications realized via subsequent customs, and becomes even more challenging if considering the possibility of modifying a codified custom, where that two norms exist, one conventional and one customary, whose content is the same, but both capable of different evolution.
ARCARI, MAURIZIO
Prassi; degli; Stati,; Diritto; consuetudinario
State; practice,; Customary; international; consuetudinario
IUS/17 - DIRITTO PENALE
Italian
14-apr-2017
SCIENZE GIURIDICHE - 84R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). La prassi degli Stati nella formazione e nell’interpretazione delle norme internazionali. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/158213
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