The present document describes the results of a project developed through the PhD on Health Thecnology Assessment (HTA) in Public Health. Sir Don Acheson in 1988 defined the Public Health as “the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society”. In order to perform their work the policy decision makers engaged in Public Health could use the information coming from HTA outcomes. Indeed HTA is a form of policy research in which short- and long-term effects of health care technology are studied in a systematic and multidisciplinary way. HTA studies the medical, social, ethical, and economic implications of the development, diffusion and use of health technology. One important tool in HTA is represented by decision-analytical (DA) models that synthetize the evidence on the outcomes and costs of alternative healthcare interventions. The Markov models, a particular type of DA models, are frequently used in medical-decision making, since they express the consequences of healthcare interventions involving both resources and health outcomes. The disease under investigation. According to the Lombardia Hepatitis Network in 2014 the number of HCV patients followed for their disease was around 37,600, 42% of them classified as having advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Just few years ago the standard of treatment for the chronic hepatitis C (CHC) was the combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) and ribavirin (RBV). A new treatment for HCV infection, also known as directly acting antivirals (DAAs), is now available. Several studies on the cost-effectiveness comparison between the standard care and the new ones have been performed using the Markov model approach. Another issue is becoming important in HCV management: the increasing prevalence of HCV among elderly patients. The increasing trend is expected to further increase: people born between 1945-1965 is believed to have become infected when the virus was unknown and consequently universal precautions and infections control procedures were not adopted. Along with the relatively high number of elderly patients to treat, the healthcare service has to consider their potential more severe liver condition and ineligibility to (IFN)-based treatments. Markov models developed in this field took their data from available national and international studies and reviews. These results are often related to a reality different from the one we are interested to (in example data from Japain studies used to perform economic evaluation for the Italian healthcare setting) or, more generally, are related to a population different from the one we want to investigate on (in example data from young patients used to perform evaluation for the older ones). In those cases the use of administrative data could be useful, expecially in the Italian Healthcare Service, that has a universal coverage funded by tax, representing the 93% of the total healthcare expenditure (7% is represented by private assurance in charge of patients). Objectives of the present work. The objective of the present work is threefold. First, we want to describe the burden of chronic HCV infection by phase of disease using a population of patients HCV infected (study population) selected from administrative healthcare data. Second, we want to discuss on the use of administrative data to perform economic evaluation by using Markov models. Third, we want to focus on the use of administrative data in order to fill missing information, as those related to elderly HCV patients.
Introduzione. Il presente documento descrive i risultati del progetto sviluppato nel corso del Dottorato di Ricerca in Sanità Pubblica, curriculum Health Thecnology Assessment (HTA). A sostegno dei decisori in Sanità Pubblica esistono strumenti appartenenti al contesto dell’HTA. Tra questi i modelli decisionali ed in particolare i modelli di Markov, frequentemente utilizzati nel mondo medico e sanitario poichè esprimono le conseguenze di un intervento in termini di risorse richieste ed esiti raggiunti. La condizione patologica sotto analisi. Secondo le stime della Lombardia Hepatitis Network, nel 2014 il numero di pazienti con HCV seguiti per la loro condizione patologica, sono circa 37,600. Fino a pochi anni fa il trattamento standard per i pazienti con epatite cronica da HCV era rappresentato dalla combinazione di interferone pegilato alpha (PEG-IFNα) e ribavirina (RBV). Un nuovo trattamento per l’HCV è disponibile ad oggi ed è noto come directly acting antivirals (DAAs). Il nuovo trattamento si inserisce in un contesto in cui ci si aspetta un continuo aumento della prevalenza di HCV tra le persone di età superiore ai 65 anni, nate nel periodo 1945-1965. Oltre all’alto numero di soggetti anziani da trattare, i servizi sanitari devono considerare le potenziali condizioni che caratterizzano gli stessi e che li rendono ineligibili a trattamenti basati sull’interferone. I modelli di Markov sviluppati in questa area di ricerca vengono alimentati dai risultati disponibili in letteratura. Si tratta di risultati non necessariamente espressi da revisione sistematiche e che quindi si riferiscono spesso a realtà e popolazioni differenti rispetto a quelle per cui si è deciso di sviluppare la ricerca. In questi casi l’utilizzo di banche dati amministrative potrebbero essere utili, soprattutto considerando il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale che ha una copertura universale. Obiettivi del lavoro. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è triplice. Primo, vuole descrivere il carico di malattia della popolazione infetta da HCV per fase di di malattia utilizzando le banche dati amministrative. Secondo, vuole sviluppare una discussione relativamente all’uso di tali banche per sviluppare una valutazione economica attraverso i modelli di Markov nei pazienti giovani, e, terzo, nei pazienti anziani, per i quali viene denunciata una forte assenza di pubblicazioni di riferimento. Conclusioni. I risultati che si basano sui dati amministrativi vanno nella stessa direzione di quelli forniti dalle stime originali, con delle differenze che possono essere attribuite alla specificità della popolazione in studio che non si può considerare rappresentativa della popolazione HCV globale. E’ inoltre opportuno mettere in evidenza i limiti che caratterizzano questo studio. I dati amministrativi non forniscono le necessarie informazioni sullo stadio di fibrosi che anticipa la condizione di cirrosi. Questo elemento è da considerare determinante nella valutazione della progressione di malattia verso la cirrosi. Una volta che si supera questa fase di malattia (paziente in HCV senza evidenza di progressione a cirrosi) le probabilità di transizione stimate dai dati amministrativi mantengono i risultati finali stabili in termini di costo ed efficacia. La scarsa disponibilità di dati di letteratura relativamente ai soggetti HCV anziani fornisce una ottima opportunità di impiego dei dati amministrativi. Questi ultimi, come noto, non sono costruiti a fini di ricerca, ma numerosi studi li hanno applicati per la definizione del carico di malattia in termini epidemiologici e di risorse sanitarie dirette. Poiché i modelli analitico-decisionali stanno diventando uno strumento sempre più importante nella valutazione economica degli interventi sanitari, i ricercatori del settore dovrebbero essere in grado di poter accedere ai dati amministrativi raccolti a livello regionale o nazionale in modo da sviluppare valutazioni su base di popolazione.
(2017). The use of administrative data for the evaluation of healthcare interventions in chronic disease related to HCV. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
The use of administrative data for the evaluation of healthcare interventions in chronic disease related to HCV
CIAMPICHINI, ROBERTA
2017
Abstract
The present document describes the results of a project developed through the PhD on Health Thecnology Assessment (HTA) in Public Health. Sir Don Acheson in 1988 defined the Public Health as “the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society”. In order to perform their work the policy decision makers engaged in Public Health could use the information coming from HTA outcomes. Indeed HTA is a form of policy research in which short- and long-term effects of health care technology are studied in a systematic and multidisciplinary way. HTA studies the medical, social, ethical, and economic implications of the development, diffusion and use of health technology. One important tool in HTA is represented by decision-analytical (DA) models that synthetize the evidence on the outcomes and costs of alternative healthcare interventions. The Markov models, a particular type of DA models, are frequently used in medical-decision making, since they express the consequences of healthcare interventions involving both resources and health outcomes. The disease under investigation. According to the Lombardia Hepatitis Network in 2014 the number of HCV patients followed for their disease was around 37,600, 42% of them classified as having advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Just few years ago the standard of treatment for the chronic hepatitis C (CHC) was the combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) and ribavirin (RBV). A new treatment for HCV infection, also known as directly acting antivirals (DAAs), is now available. Several studies on the cost-effectiveness comparison between the standard care and the new ones have been performed using the Markov model approach. Another issue is becoming important in HCV management: the increasing prevalence of HCV among elderly patients. The increasing trend is expected to further increase: people born between 1945-1965 is believed to have become infected when the virus was unknown and consequently universal precautions and infections control procedures were not adopted. Along with the relatively high number of elderly patients to treat, the healthcare service has to consider their potential more severe liver condition and ineligibility to (IFN)-based treatments. Markov models developed in this field took their data from available national and international studies and reviews. These results are often related to a reality different from the one we are interested to (in example data from Japain studies used to perform economic evaluation for the Italian healthcare setting) or, more generally, are related to a population different from the one we want to investigate on (in example data from young patients used to perform evaluation for the older ones). In those cases the use of administrative data could be useful, expecially in the Italian Healthcare Service, that has a universal coverage funded by tax, representing the 93% of the total healthcare expenditure (7% is represented by private assurance in charge of patients). Objectives of the present work. The objective of the present work is threefold. First, we want to describe the burden of chronic HCV infection by phase of disease using a population of patients HCV infected (study population) selected from administrative healthcare data. Second, we want to discuss on the use of administrative data to perform economic evaluation by using Markov models. Third, we want to focus on the use of administrative data in order to fill missing information, as those related to elderly HCV patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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