People everyday enjoy the pleasant sensations coming from touching and being touched. A recent body of research suggests that the tactile pleasantness felt during the stimulation of the hairy skin is mediated by a subclass of unmyelinated fibers called C-Tactile afferents. Neuroimaging studies revealed that pleasant touch activates a wide network of areas including the insular cortex, involved in the processing of emotions and the homeostatic control of the body, and the orbitofrontal cortex, crucial for the processing of pleasure and reward-related contents. However, so far, very little is known about the reaction of the autonomic nervous system to pleasant tactile stimulation. Also, the interactions occurring between pleasant touch and other senses are still poorly explored. The present dissertation investigates the effects of the tactile stimulation on the pleasantness perceived and on the arousal response. In particular, it assesses how the qualities of the tactile stimulation (e.g., texture, velocity), the interactions with the other sensory modalities (e.g., vision, audition) and individual details of the person delivering the stimulation (e.g., experimenter’s gender) affect subjective evaluations about the hedonic tactile experience and the electrodermal activity generated by the stimulation. The effects of different kinds of tactile stimulation delivered to the hairy skin were examined in Study 1. The forearm was stroked (at fast or slow speed) or tapped (in a fixed or random order), for brief and longer sessions (9 or 60 sec). The results revealed that being stroked was more arousing than being tapped, and that fast stroking was more arousing than slow stroking, regardless of the duration of the stimulation. However, the more general arousal level was not affected differently by fast or slow stroking. The arousal responses to touch and vision were compared in Study 2. Everyday materials were either haptically or visually presented. Being stimulated on the forearm was more arousing than observing the materials and imagining to receiving the stimulation. The materials explored were evaluated as more pleasant in the tactile than in the visual condition. Women were also physiologically more aroused (in terms of higher skin conductance responses) than men when caressed. Moreover, being stroked by a male or a female experimenter did not affect the arousal response and the pleasantness evaluations. The effects of the interaction occurring between touch and vision were assessed in Study 3. The forearm was stroked through everyday materials and pictures depicting emotional or non-emotional events were simultaneously shown. While pleasantness tactile evaluations were modulated by the visual presentation, the evaluations of the visual presentation were not affected by the tactile stimulation. Both emotionally salient and emotionally neutral stimuli modulated the tactile judgments. Smooth materials were evaluated as more pleasant than rough materials. The hedonic perception of virtual haptic surfaces rendered by means of a haptic device was evaluated in Study 4. Haptic surfaces were presented paired with pictures representing everyday materials and with sounds resulting from the haptic exploration of materials. Both pleasantness and roughness judgments, as well as time of exploration, varied as a function of the combinations of the visuo-tactile and the audio-tactile stimuli presented. The results of the four studies reported here contribute to shed light on the behavioral and physiological reactions to pleasant tactile stimulation and assess the role of the context in which touch is delivered. Also, these results demonstrate how other sensory modalities influence tactile preferences, both when real or virtual surfaces are explored. These findings provide precious insights for marketing, material engineers, designers and advertising experts interested in taking advantage of sensory stimulation in different applied fields.

Recenti ricerche suggeriscono che la piacevolezza tattile sperimentata durante la stimolazione della pelle coperta da peluria è mediata da una sottoclasse di fibre amieliniche chiamate afferenti C-Tattili. Studi di neuroimmagine rivelano inoltre che il tocco piacevole attiva un ampio network di aree, tra cui la corteccia insulare, coinvolta nel processamento delle emozioni e del controllo omeoestatico corporeo, e la corteccia orbitofrontale, cruciale nel processamento di contenuti piacevoli e di ricompensa. Tuttavia, ad oggi, la reazione del sistema nervoso autonomo rispetto alla stimolazione tattile piacevole è ancora poco nota, così come lo sono le interazioni avvenenti tra il tocco piacevole e gli altri sensi. Nella presente tesi sono stati investigati gli effetti della stimolazione tattile sulla piacevolezza percepita e sulla risposta di arousal fisiologico. In particolare, è stato testato come le qualità della stimolazione tattile, le interazioni con le altre modalità sensoriali, e dettagli riguardanti la persona che sta effettuando la stimolazione, modulano le valutazioni soggettive riguardo all’esperienza tattile edonica e l’attività elettrodinamica generata dalla stimolazione stessa. Nello Studio 1, sono stati valutati gli effetti di diversi tipi di stimolazione tattile effettuata su pelle con peluria. L’avambraccio è stato accarezzato lentamente o velocemente, oppure è stato tamburellato secondo una sequenza spazio-temporale fissa o casuale, per sessioni brevi o lunghe. I risultati hanno rivelato che venire accarezzati induce un arousal maggiore rispetto a venire tamburellati, e le carezze veloci inducono un arousal maggiore rispetto a quelle lente, a prescindere dalla durata della stimolazione. Nello Studio 2, è stata comparata la risposta di arousal a materiali di uso comune presentati in modalità visiva o tattile. Essere stimolati sull’avambraccio si è rivelato più arousing dell’osservare gli stessi materiali immaginando di essere stimolati tramite essi. I materiali esplorati sono stati valutati come più piacevoli nella condizione tattile rispetto a quella visiva. Inoltre le donne hanno mostrato un arousal maggiore quando accarezzate rispetto agli uomini. Il venire accarezzati da uno sperimentatore donna o uomo non ha modulato la risposta di arousal né le valutazioni di piacevolezza. Nello Studio 3, sono stati valutati gli effetti dell’interazione tra tatto e vista. L’avambraccio è stato stimolato tramite materiali e in contemporanea sono state mostrate immagini raffiguranti eventi emozionali o non. Mentre le valutazioni di piacevolezza tattile sono state modulate dalla presentazione visiva, le valutazioni della presentazione visiva non sono state modulate dalla stimolazione tattile. Sia gli stimoli visivi emozionalmente salienti che quelli emozionalmente neutri hanno influenzato i giudizi tattili. Nello Studio 4, è stata valutata la percezione edonica di superfici virtuali tattili, rese tramite un device aptico. Le superfici sono state presentate accoppiate con immagini di materiali d’uso comune o con suoni generati dall’esplorazione tattile di materiali. Sia i giudizi di piacevolezza che quelli di ruvidità e i tempi di esplorazione hanno presentato delle variazioni in funzione delle combinazioni di stimoli visuo o audio-tattili presentati. I risultati dei quattro studi riportati contribuiscono a far luce sulle reazioni comportamentali e fisiologiche in risposta a stimolazioni tattili piacevoli e valutano il ruolo del contesto nel quale il tocco viene presentato. Inoltre, tali risultati dimostrano come le altre modalità sensoriali influenzano le preferenze tattili, sia quando vengono esplorate superfici reali che superfici virtuali. Queste scoperte forniscono interessanti suggerimenti per i settori del marketing, del design, e della pubblicità, interessati nello sfruttare le potenzialità della stimolazione multisensoriale nel campo applicativo.

(2017). Behavioral and physiological correlates of pleasant touch perception in multisensory contexts. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

Behavioral and physiological correlates of pleasant touch perception in multisensory contexts

ETZI, ROBERTA
2017

Abstract

People everyday enjoy the pleasant sensations coming from touching and being touched. A recent body of research suggests that the tactile pleasantness felt during the stimulation of the hairy skin is mediated by a subclass of unmyelinated fibers called C-Tactile afferents. Neuroimaging studies revealed that pleasant touch activates a wide network of areas including the insular cortex, involved in the processing of emotions and the homeostatic control of the body, and the orbitofrontal cortex, crucial for the processing of pleasure and reward-related contents. However, so far, very little is known about the reaction of the autonomic nervous system to pleasant tactile stimulation. Also, the interactions occurring between pleasant touch and other senses are still poorly explored. The present dissertation investigates the effects of the tactile stimulation on the pleasantness perceived and on the arousal response. In particular, it assesses how the qualities of the tactile stimulation (e.g., texture, velocity), the interactions with the other sensory modalities (e.g., vision, audition) and individual details of the person delivering the stimulation (e.g., experimenter’s gender) affect subjective evaluations about the hedonic tactile experience and the electrodermal activity generated by the stimulation. The effects of different kinds of tactile stimulation delivered to the hairy skin were examined in Study 1. The forearm was stroked (at fast or slow speed) or tapped (in a fixed or random order), for brief and longer sessions (9 or 60 sec). The results revealed that being stroked was more arousing than being tapped, and that fast stroking was more arousing than slow stroking, regardless of the duration of the stimulation. However, the more general arousal level was not affected differently by fast or slow stroking. The arousal responses to touch and vision were compared in Study 2. Everyday materials were either haptically or visually presented. Being stimulated on the forearm was more arousing than observing the materials and imagining to receiving the stimulation. The materials explored were evaluated as more pleasant in the tactile than in the visual condition. Women were also physiologically more aroused (in terms of higher skin conductance responses) than men when caressed. Moreover, being stroked by a male or a female experimenter did not affect the arousal response and the pleasantness evaluations. The effects of the interaction occurring between touch and vision were assessed in Study 3. The forearm was stroked through everyday materials and pictures depicting emotional or non-emotional events were simultaneously shown. While pleasantness tactile evaluations were modulated by the visual presentation, the evaluations of the visual presentation were not affected by the tactile stimulation. Both emotionally salient and emotionally neutral stimuli modulated the tactile judgments. Smooth materials were evaluated as more pleasant than rough materials. The hedonic perception of virtual haptic surfaces rendered by means of a haptic device was evaluated in Study 4. Haptic surfaces were presented paired with pictures representing everyday materials and with sounds resulting from the haptic exploration of materials. Both pleasantness and roughness judgments, as well as time of exploration, varied as a function of the combinations of the visuo-tactile and the audio-tactile stimuli presented. The results of the four studies reported here contribute to shed light on the behavioral and physiological reactions to pleasant tactile stimulation and assess the role of the context in which touch is delivered. Also, these results demonstrate how other sensory modalities influence tactile preferences, both when real or virtual surfaces are explored. These findings provide precious insights for marketing, material engineers, designers and advertising experts interested in taking advantage of sensory stimulation in different applied fields.
GALLACE, ALBERTO
Hedonic; touch;; haptics;; multisensory; interactions.
Hedonic; touch;; haptics;; multisensory; interactions.
M-PSI/01 - PSICOLOGIA GENERALE
English
10-apr-2017
PSICOLOGIA, LINGUISTICA E NEUROSCIENZE COGNITIVE - 77R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). Behavioral and physiological correlates of pleasant touch perception in multisensory contexts. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/158169
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