Obesity is a global epidemic for which the current weight loss therapies are relatively ineffective. Many central and peripheral factors are involved in the mechanisms controlling eating behaviour, and the integration of these signals within the hypothalamus results in the generation of specific responses aimed at regulating energy balance. TLQP-21 is a novel neuropeptide that has been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, gastric function and several other physiologic functions. Although recent studies identified different receptors as the targets for TLQP-21, its molecular mechanisms of action at the cellular level remain largely unknown. Thus, since TLQP-21 is emerging as a novel target for obesity-associated disorders, diabetes, neuropathic pain, and other human pathologies, the purpose of this study was to better investigate the intracellular signalling pathway activated by the peptide-receptor interaction. Here, using intracellular calcium mobilization assay and western blot analysis, we have pharmacologically characterized the intracellular signalling pathway activated by TLQP-21 in ovary, macrophage and microglial cells. TLQP-21 dose-dependently stimulated a rapid and transient intracellular Ca2+ increase in CHO, RAW264.7 and N9 cells, and repeated exposure to the peptide resulted in a reduced response, indicating a possible desensitization mechanism of TLQP-21 receptor. In particular, TLQP-21 stimulation induced an increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels that was sustained by Ca2+ release from the ER, since treatment of the cells with thaspigargin reduced the TLQP-21-mediated increase of intracellular Ca2+. The release of Ca2+ from the ER store is regulated by the activation of PLCs and the subsequent production of IP3 that binds to its receptors on the surface of the ER. In our cellular systems, TLQP-21 activity was reduced by the treatment with the PLC inhibitor U73122 and the IP3R antagonist 2-APB, confirming a PLC-dependent mechanism of action for the peptide. Furthermore, TLQP-21 induced a rapid dephosphorylation of PLCγ1 in CHO cells, suggesting that Ca2+ response to TLQP-21 is mediated by the binding of the peptide to a Gq-coupled receptor that in turn activates PLCβ. Ca2+ release from the ER activated Ca2+ entry from the extracellular environment, as demonstrated by the treatment of the cells with SKF-96365 and YM-58483, two specific inhibitors of the SOCE pathway. In CHO cells, TLQP-21 induced also an increase of PKC phosphorylation and, afterwards, of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, the increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration following TLQP-21 administration, stimulated the activation of Akt/PKB. Our results suggest that the receptor stimulated by TLQP-21 belongs to the family of the Gq-coupled receptors, that activates membrane-lipid derived second messengers which thereby induce Ca2+ mobilization from the ER followed by a slower store-operated Ca2+ entry from outside the cell. In conclusion, our research provides additional evidences about the molecular mechanisms of action of TLQP-21, and could be useful to open new approaches to improve the treatment of several human disorders, including obesity and diabetes.

L’obesità è una condizione patologica per la quale non è stato ancora possibile identificare un trattamento farmacologico efficace. Il controllo dell’appetito è regolato da diversi fattori, la cui integrazione da parte dell’ipotalamo risulta nella generazione di specifiche risposte che regolano il bilancio energetico. TLQP-21 è un neuro-peptide coinvolto nella regolazione di diverse funzioni fisiologiche, incluso metabolismo, diabete, dolore e funzioni gastriche. Nonostante la recente identificazione di due potenziali recettori per TLQP-21, ad oggi, il meccanismo d’azione con cui agisce questo peptide rimane largamente sconosciuto. TLQP-21 viene attualmente proposto come un nuovo target per la cura di diverse patologie. Pertanto, lo scopo del nostro studio è stato quello di studiare il pathway intracellulare attivato dal legame di TLQP-21 col suo recettore, al fine di creare in futuro nuovi modelli utili allo sviluppo di farmaci che agiscano su questo sistema. Abbiamo inizialmente caratterizzato la capacità di TLQP-21 di indurre, in maniera dose-dipendente, un aumento di Ca2+ intracellulare nelle cellule CHO, N9, e RAW264.7. In particolare, l’aumento di Ca2+ intracellulare osservato dopo stimolazione con TLQP-21 è dovuto al rilascio di Ca2+ dal reticolo endoplasmatico, come dimostrato dalla capacità della tapsigargina di inibire l’effetto di TLQP-21. È noto che il rilascio di Ca2+ dal reticolo endoplasmatico è regolato dall’attivazione della PLC e dalla conseguente produzione di IP3 che si lega a specifici recettori presenti sul reticolo endoplasmatico. Nelle cellule CHO, N9 e RAW264.7 il trattamento con l’inibitore della PLC U73122 e con l’antagonista dei recettori IP3 2-APB riduce l’attività di TLQP-21, confermando per questo peptide un meccanismo d’azione PLC-dipendente. Inoltre, nelle cellule CHO, TLQP-21 induce una rapida defosforilazione della PLCγ1, suggerendo che l’aumento di Ca2+ osservato in seguito a stimolazione con TLQP-21 sia mediato dal legame del peptide con un recettore accoppiato a una proteina di tipo Gq, che a sua volta attiverebbe la PLCβ. Il rilascio di Ca2+ dal reticolo indotto da TLQP-21 attiva inoltre un flusso di Ca2+ dall’ambiente extracellulare, come dimostrato dal trattamento con SKF-96365 e YM-58483, due specifici inibitori dello store-operated calcium entry process. Nelle cellule CHO, TLQP-21 induce un aumento della fosforilazione della PKC e, di conseguenza, di ERK1/2. Inoltre, l’aumento di Ca2+ intracellulare indotto da TLQP-21 stimola l’attivazione di Akt/PKB. I risultati di questa ricerca suggeriscono quindi che il recettore stimolato da TLQP-21 appartenga alla famiglia dei recettori accoppiati a proteine Gq. Il legame di TLQP-21 con questo recettore, attivando la PLC, stimola la produzione di secondi messaggeri che a loro volta inducono il rilascio di Ca2+ dal reticolo endoplasmatico e il conseguente flusso in entrata di Ca2+ dall’ambiente extracellulare. In conclusione, la nostra ricerca fornisce nuove evidenze riguardo il meccanismo di azione di TLQP-21, e fornisce nuove indicazioni sul recettore specifico espresso in alcune linee cellulari che rispondono a TLQP-21. La futura caratterizzazione molecolare di tale recettore potrà permettere lo sviluppo di modelli sperimentali utili per la ricerca di farmaci per il trattamento di diverse patologie, inclusi obesità e diabete.

(2017). PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAY ACTIVATED BY TLQP-21. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAY ACTIVATED BY TLQP-21

MOLTENI, LAURA
2017

Abstract

Obesity is a global epidemic for which the current weight loss therapies are relatively ineffective. Many central and peripheral factors are involved in the mechanisms controlling eating behaviour, and the integration of these signals within the hypothalamus results in the generation of specific responses aimed at regulating energy balance. TLQP-21 is a novel neuropeptide that has been implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, gastric function and several other physiologic functions. Although recent studies identified different receptors as the targets for TLQP-21, its molecular mechanisms of action at the cellular level remain largely unknown. Thus, since TLQP-21 is emerging as a novel target for obesity-associated disorders, diabetes, neuropathic pain, and other human pathologies, the purpose of this study was to better investigate the intracellular signalling pathway activated by the peptide-receptor interaction. Here, using intracellular calcium mobilization assay and western blot analysis, we have pharmacologically characterized the intracellular signalling pathway activated by TLQP-21 in ovary, macrophage and microglial cells. TLQP-21 dose-dependently stimulated a rapid and transient intracellular Ca2+ increase in CHO, RAW264.7 and N9 cells, and repeated exposure to the peptide resulted in a reduced response, indicating a possible desensitization mechanism of TLQP-21 receptor. In particular, TLQP-21 stimulation induced an increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels that was sustained by Ca2+ release from the ER, since treatment of the cells with thaspigargin reduced the TLQP-21-mediated increase of intracellular Ca2+. The release of Ca2+ from the ER store is regulated by the activation of PLCs and the subsequent production of IP3 that binds to its receptors on the surface of the ER. In our cellular systems, TLQP-21 activity was reduced by the treatment with the PLC inhibitor U73122 and the IP3R antagonist 2-APB, confirming a PLC-dependent mechanism of action for the peptide. Furthermore, TLQP-21 induced a rapid dephosphorylation of PLCγ1 in CHO cells, suggesting that Ca2+ response to TLQP-21 is mediated by the binding of the peptide to a Gq-coupled receptor that in turn activates PLCβ. Ca2+ release from the ER activated Ca2+ entry from the extracellular environment, as demonstrated by the treatment of the cells with SKF-96365 and YM-58483, two specific inhibitors of the SOCE pathway. In CHO cells, TLQP-21 induced also an increase of PKC phosphorylation and, afterwards, of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, the increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration following TLQP-21 administration, stimulated the activation of Akt/PKB. Our results suggest that the receptor stimulated by TLQP-21 belongs to the family of the Gq-coupled receptors, that activates membrane-lipid derived second messengers which thereby induce Ca2+ mobilization from the ER followed by a slower store-operated Ca2+ entry from outside the cell. In conclusion, our research provides additional evidences about the molecular mechanisms of action of TLQP-21, and could be useful to open new approaches to improve the treatment of several human disorders, including obesity and diabetes.
LOCATELLI, VITTORIO
obesity,; vgf,; TLQP-21,; calcium,; GPCR
obesity,; vgf,; TLQP-21,; calcium,; GPCR
BIO/16 - ANATOMIA UMANA
English
3-apr-2017
NEUROSCIENZE - 90R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). PHARMACOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING PATHWAY ACTIVATED BY TLQP-21. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/158161
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