Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which increasing evidences suggest an involvement of protein degradation systems. Aim of this project is to investigate autophagic pathways in PD, focusing on chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), the main catabolic mechanism of alpha-synuclein. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and mouse cortical neurons were exposed to the PD-related toxin rotenone. The effect of rotenone was then compared with that exerted by hydrogen peroxide, a generic oxidative stress donor. Rotenone, but not hydrogen peroxide, induced a significant reduction of hsc70 mRNA and protein expression, the main carrier of CMA, and its toxic effect on alpha-synuclein levels was amplified when macroautophagy was inhibited, although rotenone-induced hsc70 reduction was independent from macroautophagy. Finally, hsc70 gene silencing up-regulated alpha-synuclein mRNA and protein levels. These results suggeriscono the existence of a novel mechanism of rotenone toxicity mediated by hsc70. Autophagy was then assessed in fibroblasts from sporadic PD patients and patients carrying the G2019S mutation on LRRK2. The protein expression of the two key-regulators of CMA, hsc70 and lamp2A, as well as of the macroautophagy markers, LC3, beclin1 and p62 were measured in fibroblasts under basal conditions and after 24 hours exposure to autophagy inducers (serum starvation, rapamycin) or inhibitors (ammonium chloride, 3-MA). The effects on autophagy parameters of the molecular chaperone drug ambroxol were also tested. No difference in hsc70, lamp2A or beclin1 basal levels was observed in G2019S or sPD fibroblasts with respect to controls, while G2019S showed a significant increase of LC3-II and p62. Serum starvation and rapamycin resulted in a decrease of hsc70, while rapamycin significantly increased lamp2A levels in control fibroblasts. 3-MA increased lamp2A levels in control fibroblasts, while ammonium chloride resulted in an accumulation of LC3-II and p62 in all cell lines. Finally, ambroxol increased the levels of p62 and LC3-II in all cell lines. These findings indicate that mutant LRRK2 fibroblasts display a macroautophagy alteration under basal condition and that both sporadic and G2019S fibroblasts have a different susceptibility to autophagy modulators. Moreover, the ambroxol-induced accumulation of p62 and LC3-II indicates that this drug is involved in macroautophagy modulation. Collectively, the results obtained during this project contribute to elucidate the link between autophagy defects and PD confirming the usefulness of the in vitro models used for investigating the mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis, and have the ambitious goal to help the development of new tools or experimental paradigms aimed at the identification of PD biomarkers or novel therapeutic approaches.

La malattia di Parkinson (MP) è una malattia neurodegenerativa progressiva per cui sempre più evidenze suggeriscono un coinvolgimento dei sistemi di degradazione proteici. Scopo di questo progetto è quello di indagare i meccanismi autofagici nella MP, in particolar modo sulla chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), il principale meccanismo catabolico dell’alfa-sinucleina. Cellule SH-SY5Y di neuroblastoma umano e neuroni corticali murini sono stati quindi esposti a rotenone. L'effetto del rotenone è stato poi confrontato con quello esercitato dal perossido di idrogeno, un donatore generico di stress ossidativo. Rotenone, ma non perossido di idrogeno, ha indotto una riduzione significativa dei livelli proteici e di mRNA di Hsc70, il principale vettore della CMA, e il suo effetto tossico sui livelli di alfa-sinucleina è risultato amplificato quando la macroautofagia era inibita, anche se la riduzione di hsc70 da rotenone era indipendente dalla macroautofagia. Infine, il silenziamento genico di hsc70 aumenta i livelli proteici e di mRNA di alfa-sinucleina. Questi risultati suggeriscono l'esistenza di un nuovo meccanismo di tossicità da rotenone mediato da hsc70. L'autofagia è stata poi valutata in fibroblasti di pazienti MP sporadici e pazienti con mutazione G2019S su LRRK2. L'espressione proteica dei due regolatori chiave della CMA, hsc70 e lamp2A, nonché dei marker macroautofagici, LC3, beclina1 e p62 è stata misurata in fibroblasti in condizioni basali e dopo 24 ore di esposizione a induttori (deprivazione di siero, rapamicina) o inibitori autofagici (cloruro di ammonio, 3-MA). Sono inoltre stati testati gli effetti di ambroxolo sui parametri di autofagia. I livelli basali di hsc70, lamp2A o beclina1 non sono risultati differenti in fibroblasti G2019S o sporadici rispetto ai controlli, mentre i G2019S mostravano un aumento significativo di LC3-II e p62. La deprivazione di siero e rapamicina hanno determinato una riduzione di hsc70, mentre rapamicina ha aumentato i livelli di lamp2A in fibroblasti di controllo. 3-MA ha determinato un aumento dei livelli di lamp2A in fibroblasti di controllo, mentre il cloruro di ammonio ha comportato un accumulo di LC3-II e p62 in tutte le linee cellulari. Ambroxolo ha infine aumentato i livelli di p62 e LC3-II in tutte le linee cellulari. Questi risultati indicano un’alterazione della macroautofagia in condizioni basali nei fibroblasti con mutazioni su LRRK2 e che fibroblasti sporadici e G2019S mostrano una suscettibilità diversa verso i modulatori autofagici. Inoltre, l'accumulo di p62 e LC3-II indotto da ambroxolo indica che questo farmaco è coinvolto nella modulazione della macroautofagia. Nell’insieme, i risultati ottenuti nel corso di questo progetto contribuiscono a chiarire il legame tra i difetti autofagici e MP confermando l'utilità dei modelli in vitro utilizzati per lo studio dei meccanismi alla base della MP, e hanno l'ambizioso obiettivo di aiutare lo sviluppo di nuovi strumenti o paradigmi sperimentali finalizzati all’identificazione di biomarcatori o nuovi approcci terapeutici.

(2017). Study of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in cellular models of Parkinson's disease. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

Study of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in cellular models of Parkinson's disease

MARINIG, DANIELE
2017

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which increasing evidences suggest an involvement of protein degradation systems. Aim of this project is to investigate autophagic pathways in PD, focusing on chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), the main catabolic mechanism of alpha-synuclein. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and mouse cortical neurons were exposed to the PD-related toxin rotenone. The effect of rotenone was then compared with that exerted by hydrogen peroxide, a generic oxidative stress donor. Rotenone, but not hydrogen peroxide, induced a significant reduction of hsc70 mRNA and protein expression, the main carrier of CMA, and its toxic effect on alpha-synuclein levels was amplified when macroautophagy was inhibited, although rotenone-induced hsc70 reduction was independent from macroautophagy. Finally, hsc70 gene silencing up-regulated alpha-synuclein mRNA and protein levels. These results suggeriscono the existence of a novel mechanism of rotenone toxicity mediated by hsc70. Autophagy was then assessed in fibroblasts from sporadic PD patients and patients carrying the G2019S mutation on LRRK2. The protein expression of the two key-regulators of CMA, hsc70 and lamp2A, as well as of the macroautophagy markers, LC3, beclin1 and p62 were measured in fibroblasts under basal conditions and after 24 hours exposure to autophagy inducers (serum starvation, rapamycin) or inhibitors (ammonium chloride, 3-MA). The effects on autophagy parameters of the molecular chaperone drug ambroxol were also tested. No difference in hsc70, lamp2A or beclin1 basal levels was observed in G2019S or sPD fibroblasts with respect to controls, while G2019S showed a significant increase of LC3-II and p62. Serum starvation and rapamycin resulted in a decrease of hsc70, while rapamycin significantly increased lamp2A levels in control fibroblasts. 3-MA increased lamp2A levels in control fibroblasts, while ammonium chloride resulted in an accumulation of LC3-II and p62 in all cell lines. Finally, ambroxol increased the levels of p62 and LC3-II in all cell lines. These findings indicate that mutant LRRK2 fibroblasts display a macroautophagy alteration under basal condition and that both sporadic and G2019S fibroblasts have a different susceptibility to autophagy modulators. Moreover, the ambroxol-induced accumulation of p62 and LC3-II indicates that this drug is involved in macroautophagy modulation. Collectively, the results obtained during this project contribute to elucidate the link between autophagy defects and PD confirming the usefulness of the in vitro models used for investigating the mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis, and have the ambitious goal to help the development of new tools or experimental paradigms aimed at the identification of PD biomarkers or novel therapeutic approaches.
FERRARESE, CARLO
SALA, GESSICA
Autophagy,; Parkinson’s; disease,; hsc70,; LRRK2
Autophagy,; Parkinson’s; disease,; hsc70,; LRRK2
BIO/16 - ANATOMIA UMANA
English
3-apr-2017
NEUROSCIENZE - 90R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). Study of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in cellular models of Parkinson's disease. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/158155
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