The evolution of galaxies can be thought as the result of the cumulative effects of two broad classes of processes: (i) secular (internal) processes determined by the very nature of the galaxy, and (ii) external processes that are determined by the environment in which the object is embedded. In this thesis I face both aspects of galaxy evolution. Among secular processes, I investigated the effects of stellar bars on the gaseous components of galaxies and their consequences on their evolution. In particular I show how bars affect both the ionized and cold gas in two different samples: the sample of the Halpha3 survey, an Halpha imaging survey of galaxies selected from ALFALFA in the Local and Coma superclusters; the Herschel Reference Sample, a representative sample of 323 local galaxies observed with the space-based Herschel observatory sensitive to the far-infrared emission of dust, a good tracer of cold gas. Owing to the Halpha3 data I demonstrate that main sequence barred galaxies have specific star formation rate suppressed with respect to pure disks. Here I propose a simple model in which bars drive the evolution of disk galaxies. Hydrodynamical simulations indeed show that a barred potential funnels the gas inside the corotation radius toward the center of the galaxy where it reaches high densities, cools and can be consumed by a burst of star formation. At the same time the dynamical torque of the bar keeps the gas outside the corotation radius in place, cutting the gas supply to the central region that consequently stops its star formation activity. Taking advantage of the images of the HRS sample, we show the evidences of such quenching. The aforementioned model is further tested by studying the stellar population properties of galaxies belonging to a sample of 6000 galaxies extracted from SDSS. To this aim, I designed in-house IDL codes that automatically perform aperture photometry and isophotal fitting recovering reliable magnitudes, colors, ellipticity, position angle (P.A.) and color profiles. The automatic procedure is complemented by an automatic bar finder able to extract a fairly pure sample of barred galaxies on the basis of their P.A. and ellipticity profiles. The analysis of color profiles show that disk galaxies have their central regions redder (therefore quenched) than their outer regions and that this is more evident at high mass. The high local bar fraction that we extrapolate as well as the analysis of the average color profile of barred galaxies shows the strong contribution of bars to the observed colors. In a second part, I present the work done in the field of environmental processes. The work is focused on the analysis of the observations, carried on with the IFU MUSE, of a system belonging to the nearby galaxy cluster A1367. These observations mosaicked the galaxies UGC-66967 and CGCG-97087N, two galaxies suffering ram pressure stripping and that have possibly interacted, as hinted by the presence of gas in the region between them. Owing to in-house automatic Python codes and by comparing the gas velocities to the stellar kinematics, we could separate the emission of the ionized gas in a stripped component and a component still attached to the potential of the galaxy. While the gas onboard the galaxy shows low velocity dispersions and ionizations states consistent with photoionization by stars, the stripped gas is more turbulent and ionized by shocks. The HII regions that formed in the tail of UGC-66967 (but are absent in the tail of CGCG-97087N) are systematically found in regions where the velocity dispersion of the gas is lower than 50 km/s, while the stripped gas show typical velocity dispersions about or greater than 100 km/s.

L'evoluzione delle galassie puo' essere vista come l'effetto cumulativo di due grandi classi di processi differenti: processi interni legati alla genetica della galassia e processi legati all'ambiente in cui esse risiedono. In questa tesi affronto entrambi gli aspetti dell'evoluzione delle galassie. Tra i processi interni alle galassie, ho approfondito gli effetti che le barre stellari hanno sulla componente gassosa delle galassie e le conseguenze sulla loro evoluzione. Dimostro che le barre influenzano sia il gas ionizzato che il gas freddo al'interno di due campioni: (i) il campione Halpha3, tratto da una survey di immagini Halpha di galassie selezionate in HI dalla survey ALFALFA nel supercluster Locale e in quello di Coma; (ii) il campione HRS di 323 galassie osservato con il satellite Herschel in banda FIR, che traccia le polveri e quindi il gas freddo. Grazie ai dati di Halpha3 e' infatti stato possibile verificare che, a parita' di massa, le galassie barrate della sequenza principale hanno minori livelli di SFR rispetto ai puri dischi. Proponiamo un semplice modello evolutivo in cui la crescita di una barra influenza fortemente l'evoluzione di una galassia: dalle simulazioni e' ormai chiaro che l'effetto dinamico della barra trascina il gas all'interno del raggio di corotazione verso il centro dove si addensa, raffredda e puo' scatenare intensi episodi di formazione stellare. Dopodiche' la regione occupata dalla barra non forma piu' stelle e diventa rossa. Nel campione HRS troviamo le prove dello svuotamento del gas dalla regione della barra ispezionando le immagini FIR del campione HRS. Dopodiche' ho cercato le prove del prematuro invecchiamento della regione occupata dalla barra nelle proprieta' medie delle popolazione stellari di un campione di migliaia di immagini di galassie locali prese dalla SDSS in band g e i. Per analizzarle, ho sviluppato una procedura automatica per l'analisi della fotometria in diverse bande delle galassie SDSS e di fittare con ellissi le isofote. In questo modo abbiamo estratto magnitudini, profili di brillanza, di colore, di ellitticita' e P.A. Ho poi sviluppato un algoritmo che riconosce automaticamente le galassie barrate del sample sulla base dei loro profili di elliticita' e P.A. L'analisi ha rivelato che in generale le galassie a disco sviluppano una regione rossa al loro centro la cui importanza dipende dalla loro massa. Analizzando le sole galassie barrate si conclude che queste contribuiscono in maniera fondamentale alle proprieta' medie dei colori delle galassie a spirale. In una seconda parte, il lavoro e' dedicato ai risultati delle osservazioni prese con l'IFU MUSE. Con questo strumento abbiamo osservato la galassia UGC-6697 nell'ammasso A1367. La galassia sta attraversando il cluster ad alta velocita' e la sua componente gassosa e' affetta dalla pressione idrodinamica esercitata dal mezzo dell'ammasso. Grazie a procedure python da me sviluppate, si e' potuto studiare in dettaglio il campo di velocita' del gas della galassia che rivela diverse componenti lungo la linea di vista. Comparandolo con la cinematica delle stelle, abbiamo separato una componente ancora associata al potenziale della galassia da una componente di gas strappato alla galassia. L'analisi delle due componenti rivela che la ionizzazione del gas strappato al potenziale e' sostenuta da shocks e ha una dinamica turbolenta mentre il gas ancora nel potenziale della galassia e' consistente con l'essere ionizzato dalle stelle nel disco ed e' caratterizzato da velocita' di dispersione basse. Le regioni di formazione stellare osservate nel gas al di fuori della galassia sono sistematicamente associate a regioni in cui il gas che le circonda ha basse velocita di dispersione.

(2017). The road to the red sequence via secular and environmental processes: insights from the local Universe. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

The road to the red sequence via secular and environmental processes: insights from the local Universe

CONSOLANDI, GUIDO
2017

Abstract

The evolution of galaxies can be thought as the result of the cumulative effects of two broad classes of processes: (i) secular (internal) processes determined by the very nature of the galaxy, and (ii) external processes that are determined by the environment in which the object is embedded. In this thesis I face both aspects of galaxy evolution. Among secular processes, I investigated the effects of stellar bars on the gaseous components of galaxies and their consequences on their evolution. In particular I show how bars affect both the ionized and cold gas in two different samples: the sample of the Halpha3 survey, an Halpha imaging survey of galaxies selected from ALFALFA in the Local and Coma superclusters; the Herschel Reference Sample, a representative sample of 323 local galaxies observed with the space-based Herschel observatory sensitive to the far-infrared emission of dust, a good tracer of cold gas. Owing to the Halpha3 data I demonstrate that main sequence barred galaxies have specific star formation rate suppressed with respect to pure disks. Here I propose a simple model in which bars drive the evolution of disk galaxies. Hydrodynamical simulations indeed show that a barred potential funnels the gas inside the corotation radius toward the center of the galaxy where it reaches high densities, cools and can be consumed by a burst of star formation. At the same time the dynamical torque of the bar keeps the gas outside the corotation radius in place, cutting the gas supply to the central region that consequently stops its star formation activity. Taking advantage of the images of the HRS sample, we show the evidences of such quenching. The aforementioned model is further tested by studying the stellar population properties of galaxies belonging to a sample of 6000 galaxies extracted from SDSS. To this aim, I designed in-house IDL codes that automatically perform aperture photometry and isophotal fitting recovering reliable magnitudes, colors, ellipticity, position angle (P.A.) and color profiles. The automatic procedure is complemented by an automatic bar finder able to extract a fairly pure sample of barred galaxies on the basis of their P.A. and ellipticity profiles. The analysis of color profiles show that disk galaxies have their central regions redder (therefore quenched) than their outer regions and that this is more evident at high mass. The high local bar fraction that we extrapolate as well as the analysis of the average color profile of barred galaxies shows the strong contribution of bars to the observed colors. In a second part, I present the work done in the field of environmental processes. The work is focused on the analysis of the observations, carried on with the IFU MUSE, of a system belonging to the nearby galaxy cluster A1367. These observations mosaicked the galaxies UGC-66967 and CGCG-97087N, two galaxies suffering ram pressure stripping and that have possibly interacted, as hinted by the presence of gas in the region between them. Owing to in-house automatic Python codes and by comparing the gas velocities to the stellar kinematics, we could separate the emission of the ionized gas in a stripped component and a component still attached to the potential of the galaxy. While the gas onboard the galaxy shows low velocity dispersions and ionizations states consistent with photoionization by stars, the stripped gas is more turbulent and ionized by shocks. The HII regions that formed in the tail of UGC-66967 (but are absent in the tail of CGCG-97087N) are systematically found in regions where the velocity dispersion of the gas is lower than 50 km/s, while the stripped gas show typical velocity dispersions about or greater than 100 km/s.
GAVAZZI, GIUSEPPE
DOTTI, MASSIMO
Galaxies; Galaxy_evolution; Galaxy_structure; photometry; Environment
Galaxies; Galaxy_evolution; Galaxy_structure; photometry; Environment
FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE
English
11-apr-2017
FISICA E ASTRONOMIA - 86R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). The road to the red sequence via secular and environmental processes: insights from the local Universe. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/158132
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