The general aim of my thesis is the identification and the application of appropriate modelling approaches, concerning wildlife conservation, ranging from the analysis of species distribution and population trends, to ecological connectivity and the habitat management, within area affected by different human impact or land abandonment. The specific objectives of the project are developed in the following case studies. Species distribution modelling and population trends of breeding birds in agro-ecosystems: the case of Lombardy (Italy) We analysed the population trends and distributions of breeding birds in Lombardy, focusing on agro-ecosystem species. We collected data following a stratified random sampling design by means of point counts technique. Species distribution and abundance were estimated using generalised additive models (GAMs). We assessed the mean annual variation rate for 19 species, between 1992 and 2015, applying the discrete population growth model. Over the whole period, as extreme values at regional scale, the Skylark showed a significant population decline, losing about the 90% of initial population, while the Common Wood Pigeon presented a fourfold increase. Long- and medium-term changes in the altitudinal distribution of breeding birds in the Italian Alps We used the response curve shape method to investigate changes in altitudinal distributions of breeding birds over a long-term period (1982-2015) in the central Alps, and over a medium-term period (2006-2015) to compare the dynamics occurred in the central and western Alps. During the long-term period, all species exhibited changes in at least one part of their altitudinal distribution. Most woodland species expanded towards higher and lower altitudes, probably stimulated by forest regrowth and/or temperature increase. Almost all alpine grassland species retracted the lower portion of their altitudinal range, moving towards the summit. During the medium-term period, both alpine areas showed an increase in species moving downwards, which confirms the relevance of this apparently contrasting pattern. Ecological connectivity assessment in a strongly structured fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) population The aim of this study was to assess the ecological connectivity of fire salamander populations by means of a landscape genetic approach. The degree of isolation between populations could be evaluated measuring their genetic distances, which depend on the respective geographic (isolation by distance, IBD) and/or ecological (isolation by resistance, IBR) distances. The latter were calculated using the circuit theory, applied to habitat suitability maps. Mantel tests between distance matrices highlighted how the genetic distance in Prealpine and Eastern foothill lowland populations was related to geographic distance, while it was explained by the ecological distance, in fragmented populations of Western foothill lowland. Local and landscape drivers of butterfly richness and abundance in a human-dominated area We analysed the effects of habitat variables (local scale) and land-use variables (local and landscape scale) on butterfly richness and abundance using GAMM models. The local scale habitat models showed that the abundance of nectar plants is the most important driver of species richness and abundance. This result, together with the negative effect of the number of cuts of meadows on butterfly abundance and the positive effect of the taller herbaceous layer, highlighted the importance to adopt correct management measures in semi-natural habitats. Considering the land-use models an increase of artificial surfaces at the landscape scale leaded to a decrease of the positive effect played by meadows at local scale, which is one of the primary habitats for butterflies.
Lo scopo principale della mia tesi è l’individuazione e l’applicazione di appropriati approcci modellistici, a casi di studio riguardanti l’analisi della distribuzione delle specie, l’ecologia del paesaggio e la qualità degli habitat, all’interno di aree a differente impatto antropico o in stato di abbandono. Nella prima parte ho analizzato gli andamenti demografici e le distribuzioni degli uccelli nidificanti in Lombardia negli agro-ecosistemi. I dati, raccolti mediante la tecnica dei punti di ascolto, derivano principalmente dal monitoraggio a lungo termine degli uccelli nidificanti in Lombardia. La distribuzione ed abbondanza delle specie è stata stimata utilizzando dei modelli additivi generalizzati (GAM). Ho valutato il tasso di variazione medio annuo per 20 specie di uccelli, tra il 1992 e il 2016, applicando il modello di crescita geometrica della popolazione. Dieci specie mostrano un declino significativo, mentre cinque specie sono in aumento. Considerando i due estremi sull’intero periodo considerato, l’allodola ha mostrato un significativo declino della popolazione, perdendo circa il 90% della popolazione iniziale, mentre la popolazione del colombaccio è aumentata di circa il 2000% dal 1992. Successivamente, ho utilizzato il metodo delle curve di risposta per indagare i cambiamenti nella distribuzione altitudinale degli uccelli nidificanti su un lungo periodo (1982-2015) nelle Alpi centrali, e per un periodo più corto (2006-2015) per confrontare le dinamiche occorse nelle Alpi centrali ed occidentali. Durante il periodo lungo, tutte le specie hanno presentato almeno un cambiamento all’interno della loro distribuzione altitudinale. La maggior parte delle specie forestali si è espansa verso altitudini superiori ed inferiori, probabilmente stimolati da una ricrescita del bosco o da un aumento della temperatura. Quasi tutte le specie di prateria hanno contratto la parte inferiore della distribuzione altitudinale, muovendosi verso quote maggiori. Durante il periodo più corto, entrambe le aree alpine hanno mostrato un aumento delle specie con un movimento verso il basso, confermando la rilevanza di questo contrastante andamento. Le specie e i gruppi ecologici considerati rivelano delle differenze nei cambiamenti nella distribuzione altitudinale, probabilmente dovuti all’interazione tra processi locali e ad ampia scala (cambiamenti climatici ed espansione foreste). Nella seconda e terza parte della mia tesi di dottorato, ho studiato il ruolo dell’ambiente nel determinare la distribuzione spaziale delle farfalle usando un approccio multi-scala. Ho analizzato gli effetti di diversi tipi di uso del suolo, delle caratteristiche degli habitat e delle azioni gestionali sulla ricchezza ed abbondanza delle farfalle usando dei modelli GAMM. I modelli hanno mostrato che un incremento delle superfici artificiali a scala di paesaggio portato ad una diminuzione dell’effetto positivo svolto dai prati a scala locale. Inoltre l’abbondanza di fonti nettare è il fattore più importante nel determinare la ricchezza ed abbondanza delle farfalle. Questo risultato, insieme con l’effetto negativo del numero di tagli dei prati sull’abbondanza e l’effetto positivo di uno strato erbaceo più alto, sottolinea l’importanza di adottare misure gestionali corrette degli habitat semi-naturali, per la conservazione delle farfalle ed in generale della biodiversità.
(2016). Analysis of species distribution in time and space for wildlife conservation. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016).
Analysis of species distribution in time and space for wildlife conservation
LUPPI, MASSIMILIANO
2016
Abstract
The general aim of my thesis is the identification and the application of appropriate modelling approaches, concerning wildlife conservation, ranging from the analysis of species distribution and population trends, to ecological connectivity and the habitat management, within area affected by different human impact or land abandonment. The specific objectives of the project are developed in the following case studies. Species distribution modelling and population trends of breeding birds in agro-ecosystems: the case of Lombardy (Italy) We analysed the population trends and distributions of breeding birds in Lombardy, focusing on agro-ecosystem species. We collected data following a stratified random sampling design by means of point counts technique. Species distribution and abundance were estimated using generalised additive models (GAMs). We assessed the mean annual variation rate for 19 species, between 1992 and 2015, applying the discrete population growth model. Over the whole period, as extreme values at regional scale, the Skylark showed a significant population decline, losing about the 90% of initial population, while the Common Wood Pigeon presented a fourfold increase. Long- and medium-term changes in the altitudinal distribution of breeding birds in the Italian Alps We used the response curve shape method to investigate changes in altitudinal distributions of breeding birds over a long-term period (1982-2015) in the central Alps, and over a medium-term period (2006-2015) to compare the dynamics occurred in the central and western Alps. During the long-term period, all species exhibited changes in at least one part of their altitudinal distribution. Most woodland species expanded towards higher and lower altitudes, probably stimulated by forest regrowth and/or temperature increase. Almost all alpine grassland species retracted the lower portion of their altitudinal range, moving towards the summit. During the medium-term period, both alpine areas showed an increase in species moving downwards, which confirms the relevance of this apparently contrasting pattern. Ecological connectivity assessment in a strongly structured fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) population The aim of this study was to assess the ecological connectivity of fire salamander populations by means of a landscape genetic approach. The degree of isolation between populations could be evaluated measuring their genetic distances, which depend on the respective geographic (isolation by distance, IBD) and/or ecological (isolation by resistance, IBR) distances. The latter were calculated using the circuit theory, applied to habitat suitability maps. Mantel tests between distance matrices highlighted how the genetic distance in Prealpine and Eastern foothill lowland populations was related to geographic distance, while it was explained by the ecological distance, in fragmented populations of Western foothill lowland. Local and landscape drivers of butterfly richness and abundance in a human-dominated area We analysed the effects of habitat variables (local scale) and land-use variables (local and landscape scale) on butterfly richness and abundance using GAMM models. The local scale habitat models showed that the abundance of nectar plants is the most important driver of species richness and abundance. This result, together with the negative effect of the number of cuts of meadows on butterfly abundance and the positive effect of the taller herbaceous layer, highlighted the importance to adopt correct management measures in semi-natural habitats. Considering the land-use models an increase of artificial surfaces at the landscape scale leaded to a decrease of the positive effect played by meadows at local scale, which is one of the primary habitats for butterflies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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