All living organisms undergo a functional/physiological decline with age, which is progressive and irreversible, and it is associated to an increased risk of the development of many diseases. Among the factors involved in aging, TORC1/Sch9 and Ras/PKA nutrient-sensing pathways and Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, play a prominent role. They are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, and they also mediate some of the effects of Calorie Restriction (CR), an intervention consisting in a reduction in calorie intake without malnutrition, known to extend longevity in many organisms. In the field of aging research, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful experimental system. In particular, the Chronological LifeSpan (CLS), defined as the time that a population of quiescent cells can survive in stationary phase, represents a model for studying aging of post-mitotic mammalian cells, such as neurons and myocytes. Although cells do not proliferate during the stationary phase, they remain metabolically active and responsive to stimuli. In this thesis work, it emerged that, in the chronological aging, oxidative metabolism through respiration can have negative effects on the mitochondrial functionality, due to ROS production, and can reduce CLS. On the contrary, a metabolism based on gluconeogenesis allows for the establishment of a condition favorable to survival even in the CR regimen. Sir2, the founding member of the Sirtuin family, is a key element in this context as it controls the activity of Pck1, the "rate-limiting step" enzyme of gluconeogenesis, by regulating its acetylation state. Lack of Sir2, in fact, determines an increase of the acetylated form of Pck1 that correlates with an increase of its activity and, thus, with an enhanced gluconeogenesis. On this basis, we evaluated the effects of Nicotinamide (a physiological inhibitor of Sir2) and two substances that seem to mimic CR, Resveratrol and Quercetin, on CLS and metabolism. Using these three substances, present in some foods and drinks, may exert a preventive effect, favoring the so- called "healthy aging".

Tutti gli organismi viventi col passare del tempo invecchiano, ossia vanno incontro ad un progressivo ed irreversibile declino funzionale/fisiologico, accompagnato da un aumentato rischio di contrarre malattie. Tra i diversi fattori coinvolti nell’invecchiamento, i nutrient-sensing pathway di TORC1/Sch9 e Ras/PKA e le Sirtuine, una famiglia di deacetilasi NAD+-dipendenti, svolgono un ruolo prioritario. Essi sono evolutivamente conservati dal lievito all’uomo, e risultano, inoltre, mediare alcuni degli effetti della Calorie Restriction (CR), un intervento che consiste nel limitare l’apporto di nutrienti senza incorrere in malnutrizione ed è noto estendere la longevità di molti organismi. Nell’ambito della ricerca sull’invecchiamento, il lievito Saccharomyces cerevisiae è un utile sistema sperimentale. In particolare, la Chronological LifeSpan (CLS), definita come il tempo che una popolazione di cellule quiescenti può sopravvivere durante la fase stazionaria, rappresenta un modello per lo studio dell’invecchiamento di cellule post-mitotiche di mammifero, quali i neuroni e i miociti. Infatti, le cellule in fase stazionaria, pur non proliferando, rimangono metabolicamente attive e responsive agli stimoli. Nel lavoro di questa tesi è emerso che nell’invecchiamento cronologico il metabolismo ossidativo attraverso la respirazione può esercitare effetti negativi sulla funzionalità mitocondriale, producendo ROS, e ridurre la CLS. Al contrario, un metabolismo gluconeogenetico favorisce l’instaurarsi di una condizione vantaggiosa per la sopravvivenza anche durante la CR. Abbiamo visto che Sir2, il capostipite delle Sirtuine, rappresenta un elemento chiave in questo contesto in quanto, regolando lo stato di acetilazione di Pck1, l’enzima “rate-limiting step” della gluconeogenesi, ne controlla l’attività. La mancanza di Sir2 determina infatti un aumento di Pck1 acetilata che correla con un incremento della sua attività e quindi con un incremento della gluconeogenesi. Sulla base di questo, abbiamo valutato gli effetti sulla CLS e sul metabolismo della Nicotinammide (inibitore fisiologico di Sir2) e di due sostanze che sembrerebbero mimare la CR, Resveratrolo e Quercitina. L’utilizzo di queste tre sostanze, presenti in alcuni alimenti e bevande, potrebbe esercitare un’azione preventiva, favorendo quello che viene definito “healthy aging”.

(2016). The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a “road” from aging basic research to interventions for healthy aging. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016).

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a “road” from aging basic research to interventions for healthy aging

RONZULLI, ROSSELLA
2016

Abstract

All living organisms undergo a functional/physiological decline with age, which is progressive and irreversible, and it is associated to an increased risk of the development of many diseases. Among the factors involved in aging, TORC1/Sch9 and Ras/PKA nutrient-sensing pathways and Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, play a prominent role. They are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, and they also mediate some of the effects of Calorie Restriction (CR), an intervention consisting in a reduction in calorie intake without malnutrition, known to extend longevity in many organisms. In the field of aging research, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful experimental system. In particular, the Chronological LifeSpan (CLS), defined as the time that a population of quiescent cells can survive in stationary phase, represents a model for studying aging of post-mitotic mammalian cells, such as neurons and myocytes. Although cells do not proliferate during the stationary phase, they remain metabolically active and responsive to stimuli. In this thesis work, it emerged that, in the chronological aging, oxidative metabolism through respiration can have negative effects on the mitochondrial functionality, due to ROS production, and can reduce CLS. On the contrary, a metabolism based on gluconeogenesis allows for the establishment of a condition favorable to survival even in the CR regimen. Sir2, the founding member of the Sirtuin family, is a key element in this context as it controls the activity of Pck1, the "rate-limiting step" enzyme of gluconeogenesis, by regulating its acetylation state. Lack of Sir2, in fact, determines an increase of the acetylated form of Pck1 that correlates with an increase of its activity and, thus, with an enhanced gluconeogenesis. On this basis, we evaluated the effects of Nicotinamide (a physiological inhibitor of Sir2) and two substances that seem to mimic CR, Resveratrol and Quercetin, on CLS and metabolism. Using these three substances, present in some foods and drinks, may exert a preventive effect, favoring the so- called "healthy aging".
VAI, MARINA
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, healthy aging
BIO/11 - BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE
English
25-feb-2016
BIOTECNOLOGIE INDUSTRIALI - 15R
28
2014/2015
open
(2016). The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a “road” from aging basic research to interventions for healthy aging. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/102384
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