The substantial development of research in the field on neurosciences which has taken place in the course of the last decades points out a remarkable advancement, from both a scientific and philosophical point of view, contributing to a broad redefinition of the traditional representations of the “human being” and, likewise, it suggests the need to reconsider some conceptual categories concerning human nature, ethics and the law, that are widely employed in the philosophical debate. Following this basic perspective, the exposition starts with an investigation concerning some of the most meaningful concepts which were developed in the realm of Analytic Metaethics -such as the Hume’s law or the naturalistic fallacy- which are often used to keep separate the two domains of empirical science and moral philosophy, under the menace of committing the error of naturalistic fallacy or infringing the tenets of the Hume’s law. Therefore, in the first part of this work, some issues will be discussed in order to show that the traditional notions of Hume’s law and naturalistic fallacy are highly contentious in themselves and, moreover, they do not offer any reliable foundations to support the hypothesis that moral philosophy and empirical science are, and should be kept, necessarily detached from one another; on the contrary : the current development of neurosciences is beginning to open new horizons for philosophical and legal thinking. The second part of the work aims to provide an essential reconstruction of some major perspectives, endorsing the pertinence of a scientifically based form of naturalism in relation to the study of ethics and the law. As a matter of fact, since the times of Darwin the debate concerning the evolutionary origins of moral behaviour has been greatly controversial and, worse still, it has been also strongly affected by many ideological and political arguments which were well away from the thought of Darwin himself. Nevertheless, the current research in this field has made clear that most of Darwin’s intuitions were fundamentally correct, and therefore the origins of moral and legal behaviour can be adequately investigated and accounted for on the basis of a natural history of human evolution. Finally, the discussion takes into consideration some of the most significant implications deriving from the new orientations in the field of neurosciences, and evaluates their main consequences with regard to a few key concepts of moral and legal thinking, such as those of values, free will and criminal responsibility, justice and social order. To conclude with a few words from Darwin himself : “much light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history”.

Il considerevole sviluppo degli studi nel campo delle neuroscienze verificatosi nel corso degli ultimi decenni, costituisce un fenomeno assai rilevante sia sul piano scientifico che su quello filosofico, in quanto contribuisce a modificare e ridefinire l’immagine tradizionale dell’essere umano e segnala l’opportunità di tornare ad interrogarci in merito alla legittimità e alla fondatezza di talune categorie concettuali largamente diffuse all’interno della riflessione filosofica inerente la “natura umana”, l’etica e il diritto Seguendo questa prospettiva di fondo, la ricerca prende le mosse da un’analisi sistematica di alcune tra le più importanti definizioni elaborate nel quadro della metaetica analitica novecentesca -quali, ad esempio, la legge di Hume e la fallacia naturalistica- le quali vengono troppo spesso invocate allo scopo di distinguere e tenere separati tra loro i due campi della ricerca scientifica di tipo empirico e della riflessione etica, onde evitare di incorrere nell’errore di fallacia naturalistica, oppure di infrangere la cosiddetta legge di Hume. Nella prima parte del lavoro, quindi, vengono esposte e discusse alcune tra le più importanti ragioni per cui l’utilizzazione delle suddette definizioni al fine di dimostrare l’impossibilità di una riflessione etica fondata sui risultati provenienti dall’attuale ricerca scientifica, risulta essere spesso fuorviante e poco costruttiva; al contrario : lo sviluppo delle neuroscienze sta oggi aprendo nuovi e significativi orizzonti di ricerca e di riflessione proprio nell’ambito della riflessione etica e giuridica. La seconda parte del lavoro è dedicata ad una ricostruzione dei presupposti secondo i quali è possibile sostenere l’assoluta legittimità di una riflessione etica e giuridica fondata su un naturalismo di tipo scientifico. Fin dai tempi di Darwin, infatti, il dibattito sulle origini evolutive dei comportamenti morali ha suscitato accese controversie, subendo spesso anche delle distorsioni di tipo politico-ideologico le quali erano ben lontane dal pensiero di Darwin stesso. Gli attuali sviluppi della ricerca in questo campo, ad ogni modo, hanno fatto luce su molti equivoci e hanno messo in evidenza la fondamentale correttezza di molte delle intuizioni darwiniane, rendendo così possibile inquadrare i comportamenti etici e giuridici in un contesto di riferimento come quello costituito da una storia naturale dell’evoluzione umana. Nell’ultima parte, la ricerca prende in considerazione alcune tra le principali implicazioni che i nuovi orientamenti emergenti dalle neuroscienze comportano in merito ad alcuni concetti chiave del pensiero etico e giuridico tra cui, ad esempio, quelli di valore, di libero arbitrio, di responsabilità penale, di giustizia e di ordine sociale. Per concludere, con le parole dello stesso Darwin : “molta luce sarà fatta sull’origine dell’uomo e sulla sua storia”.

(2015). Natura, Morale, Diritto : dalla metaetica analitica al neurodiritto. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).

Natura, Morale, Diritto : dalla metaetica analitica al neurodiritto

BORRI, MICHELE
2015

Abstract

The substantial development of research in the field on neurosciences which has taken place in the course of the last decades points out a remarkable advancement, from both a scientific and philosophical point of view, contributing to a broad redefinition of the traditional representations of the “human being” and, likewise, it suggests the need to reconsider some conceptual categories concerning human nature, ethics and the law, that are widely employed in the philosophical debate. Following this basic perspective, the exposition starts with an investigation concerning some of the most meaningful concepts which were developed in the realm of Analytic Metaethics -such as the Hume’s law or the naturalistic fallacy- which are often used to keep separate the two domains of empirical science and moral philosophy, under the menace of committing the error of naturalistic fallacy or infringing the tenets of the Hume’s law. Therefore, in the first part of this work, some issues will be discussed in order to show that the traditional notions of Hume’s law and naturalistic fallacy are highly contentious in themselves and, moreover, they do not offer any reliable foundations to support the hypothesis that moral philosophy and empirical science are, and should be kept, necessarily detached from one another; on the contrary : the current development of neurosciences is beginning to open new horizons for philosophical and legal thinking. The second part of the work aims to provide an essential reconstruction of some major perspectives, endorsing the pertinence of a scientifically based form of naturalism in relation to the study of ethics and the law. As a matter of fact, since the times of Darwin the debate concerning the evolutionary origins of moral behaviour has been greatly controversial and, worse still, it has been also strongly affected by many ideological and political arguments which were well away from the thought of Darwin himself. Nevertheless, the current research in this field has made clear that most of Darwin’s intuitions were fundamentally correct, and therefore the origins of moral and legal behaviour can be adequately investigated and accounted for on the basis of a natural history of human evolution. Finally, the discussion takes into consideration some of the most significant implications deriving from the new orientations in the field of neurosciences, and evaluates their main consequences with regard to a few key concepts of moral and legal thinking, such as those of values, free will and criminal responsibility, justice and social order. To conclude with a few words from Darwin himself : “much light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history”.
ROSSETTI, ANDREA
Ethics; Naturalism; Law; Neurosciences
Etica; Naturalismo; Diritto; Neuroscienze
IUS/20 - FILOSOFIA DEL DIRITTO
Italian
19-mar-2015
SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE GIURIDICHE - 71R
26
2012/2013
open
(2015). Natura, Morale, Diritto : dalla metaetica analitica al neurodiritto. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/76990
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