Opposizioni al Concordato: l'ultima fiammata del secolo dei lumi?

There were different forms of opposition and resistance, both Catholic and secular, to Bonaparte’s religious policy, leading to the Concordat of 1801. In the anti-clerical field, the institutional opposition, having had an official and political expression, has been studied more than the extra-institutional opposition, which we know in the form of individual voices and written, often literary, works. This opposition, however, was not negligible, not only because it bothered Bonaparte, but because of its role in the long-lasting history of the opposition between the clerical and the anti-clerical, between catholicism and secularization in France. In this long-term perspective, linked to the reconstruction of the forms of defense and transmission of a strong culture – though held by a minority, at the time – focused on the denunciation of religious prejudice and its role in political domination, some figures are worthy of attention. Their pugnacious secular writings caused a great deal of comment not only at the time, but during the century that was then beginning. The role of a number of intellectuals is examined, some of them connected to the Portique républicain, a literary society founded just before Brumaire: S. Maréchal, E. Parny, M.-J. Chénier, A.-A. Piis, P.-A. Plancher-Valcour, C. Pigault-Lebrun.