During my PhD I was involved mainly in two research projects aimed to study myocardial dysfunction induced by aging or chemotherapy. The first study aimed to reproduce and characterize mechanisms involved in aging using cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and to test cardioprotective therapies, like cardiac progenitor cell (CPC)-derived exosomes (Exo). Aging of the heart involves adverse remodeling in CMs which results in heart failure with incidence that increases with age. Interestingly, till now we lacked a human model of cardiac aging. We reprogrammed CPCs into hiPSCs and subsequently differentiated in hiPSC-derived CMs. A senescence-like phenotype (SenCMs) was induced by short exposure (3 hours) to doxorubicin (Dox) at sub-lethal concentration (0.2 µM). 24h following DOX treatment, SenCMs were exposed to Exo (~2·103 particles/cell) collected from culture media of CPCs by ultracentrifugation. Dox treatment induced senescence, as confirmed by activation of p21 and increased SA-β-gal positivity compared to control CMs (cCMs). Biochemical analysis revealed presence of oxidative stress and a depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential due to the treatment, which resulted in decreased ATP production by mitochondria. SenCMs also showed impaired calcium handling and prolonged QTc vs. cCMs due to upregulation of INaL. These effects were mitigated by exposure to Exo. Overall, SenCMs recapitulate the phenotype of aged CMs in terms of senescence markers and electrical and metabolic properties. Additionally, exposure to CPC-derived Exo limited age-related cardiac anomalies. The second study aimed to study the cardiac dysfunction dependent on the combined administration of Dox and trastuzumab (Trz) through evaluation of cardiac performance, T-tubule organization, and electrophysiological changes in cardiac myocytes from an in-vivo rat model. Combined treatment with Dox and Trz in patients with HER2-positive cancer is limited by cardiotoxicity, as manifested by contractile dysfunction and arrhythmia. The respective roles of the two agents in the cardiotoxicity of the combined therapy are incompletely understood. Adult rats received 6 doses of either Dox or Trz, or the two agents sequentially. Dox-mediated left ventricular (LV) dysfunction was aggravated by Trz administration. Dox treatment, but not Trz, induced T-tubule disarray. Moreover, Dox, but not Trz monotherapy, induced prolonged action potential duration (APD), increased incidence of delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and beat-to-beat variability of repolarization (BVR), and slower Ca2+ transient decay. Although APD, DADs, BVR and Ca2+ transient decay recovered over time after the cessation of Dox treatment, subsequent Trz administration exacerbated these abnormalities. Trz, but not Dox, reduced Ca2+ transient amplitude and SR Ca2+ content. Both agents increased Ca2+ waves and downregulated SERCA. Finally, Dox increased resting Ca2+ waves, Ca2+ spark frequency, spark-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) leak, and long-lasting Ca2+ release events (so-called Ca2+ “embers”). These results suggest that Dox, but not Trz, may cause T-tubule disarray in cardiac myocytes in vivo while also inducing overall larger changes in electrical parameters and intracellular Ca2+ handling. While Dox-induced changes in electrical parameters are reversible, subsequent Trz administration prevents their recovery. These findings illustrate the specific roles of Dox and Trz, and their interactions in cardiotoxicity and arrhythmogenicity.

Nel corso del mio dottorato sono stata coinvolta principalmente in due progetti con lo scopo di studiare la disfunzione cardiaca indotta da invecchiamento o chemioterapia. Il primo studio aveva lo scopo di riprodurre e caratterizzare i meccanismi dell’invecchiamento utilizzando cardiomiociti (CMs) da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte umane (hiPSCs) e inoltre testare terapie cardioprotettive, come gli esosomi (Exo) da cellule progenitrici cardiache (CPCs). L’invecchiamento cardiaco coinvolge rimodellamenti a livello dei singoli CMs che predispongono allo scompenso cardiaco e la cui incidenza aumenta con l’avanzare dell’età. Curiosamente, fino ad ora non è stato ancora sviluppato un modello di invecchiamento cardiaco umano. Abbiamo riprogrammato CPCs umane ad iPSC e successivamente le abbiamo differenziate in CMs. Un fenotipo simile alla senescenza (SenCMs) è stato indotto con un breve trattamento (3 ore) con doxorubicina (Dox) a concentrazioni sub-letali (0.2 µM). 24 ore dopo il trattamento, alcuni SenCMs sono stati esposti ad Exo (~2·10^3 particelle/cellula) isolati dal medium di coltura delle CPCs. Il trattamento con Dox induce senescenza, come confermato dall’attivazione di p21 e dalla maggiore positività a SA-β-gal in confronto ai controlli (cCMs). Analisi biochimiche hanno rivelato la presenza di stress ossidativo e un potenziale di membrana mitocondriale depolarizzato nei SenCMs, con una ridotta produzione di ATP dai mitocondri. I SenCMs hanno anche difetti nel calcium handling e un QTc prolungato a causa dell’aumento di INaL. Questi effetti sono mitigati dal trattamento con Exo. Complessivamente, i SenCMs ricapitolano il fenotipo dei CMs invecchiati in termini di markers di senescenza e proprietà elettriche e metaboliche. Inoltre, l’esposizione ad Exo prodotti da CPCs limita molte delle anomalie cardiache indotte dall’invecchiamento. Il secondo studio mirava a valutare la disfunzione cardiaca causata dalla somministrazione in combinazione di Dox e Trastuzumab (Trz) in miociti cardiaci di ratto. Il trattamento combinato con Dox e Trz in pazienti con cancro al seno è limitato a causa della cardiotossicità, che si manifesta con disfunzione contrattile ed aritmie. Il ruolo specifico dei due agenti nella cardiotossicità causata dalla terapia combinata è però non ancora del tutto chiarito. I ratti hanno ricevuto 6 dosi di Dox, Trz o entrambi in maniera sequenziale. La disfunzione del ventricolo sinistro (LV) mediata da Dox era aggravata dalla somministrazione di Trz. Il trattamento con Dox, ma non con Trz, induceva danno ai tubuli T, prolungamento della durata del potenziale d’azione (APD), aumento dell’incidenza di post-depolarizzazioni tardive (DADs), decadimenti dei transienti di Ca2+ più lenti e la fuoriuscita di Ca2+ dal reticolo in Ca2+ sparks o Ca2+ embers. Il trattamento in combinazione esacerbava queste anomalie. Trz, ma non Dox, riduceva l’ampiezza dei transienti di Ca2+ e il contenuto di Ca2+ nel reticolo sarcoplasmatico (SR). Entrambi gli agenti aumentavano le onde di Ca2+ spontanee e diminuivano l’espressione di SERCA. Questi risultati suggeriscono che Dox, ma non Trz, potrebbe causare danno ai tubuli T in vivo e, inoltre, indurre cambiamenti nei parametri elettrici e nel Ca2+-handling. Mentre Dox induceva cambiamenti reversibili nei parametri elettrofisiologici, la successiva somministrazione di Trz impediva il rescue. Questi risultati illustrano il ruolo specifico di Dox e Trz e il loro ruolo nella cardiotossicità.

(2021). Cellular senescence and failure in human and animal cardiac myocytes. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Cellular senescence and failure in human and animal cardiac myocytes

LODRINI, ALESSANDRA MARIA
2021

Abstract

During my PhD I was involved mainly in two research projects aimed to study myocardial dysfunction induced by aging or chemotherapy. The first study aimed to reproduce and characterize mechanisms involved in aging using cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and to test cardioprotective therapies, like cardiac progenitor cell (CPC)-derived exosomes (Exo). Aging of the heart involves adverse remodeling in CMs which results in heart failure with incidence that increases with age. Interestingly, till now we lacked a human model of cardiac aging. We reprogrammed CPCs into hiPSCs and subsequently differentiated in hiPSC-derived CMs. A senescence-like phenotype (SenCMs) was induced by short exposure (3 hours) to doxorubicin (Dox) at sub-lethal concentration (0.2 µM). 24h following DOX treatment, SenCMs were exposed to Exo (~2·103 particles/cell) collected from culture media of CPCs by ultracentrifugation. Dox treatment induced senescence, as confirmed by activation of p21 and increased SA-β-gal positivity compared to control CMs (cCMs). Biochemical analysis revealed presence of oxidative stress and a depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential due to the treatment, which resulted in decreased ATP production by mitochondria. SenCMs also showed impaired calcium handling and prolonged QTc vs. cCMs due to upregulation of INaL. These effects were mitigated by exposure to Exo. Overall, SenCMs recapitulate the phenotype of aged CMs in terms of senescence markers and electrical and metabolic properties. Additionally, exposure to CPC-derived Exo limited age-related cardiac anomalies. The second study aimed to study the cardiac dysfunction dependent on the combined administration of Dox and trastuzumab (Trz) through evaluation of cardiac performance, T-tubule organization, and electrophysiological changes in cardiac myocytes from an in-vivo rat model. Combined treatment with Dox and Trz in patients with HER2-positive cancer is limited by cardiotoxicity, as manifested by contractile dysfunction and arrhythmia. The respective roles of the two agents in the cardiotoxicity of the combined therapy are incompletely understood. Adult rats received 6 doses of either Dox or Trz, or the two agents sequentially. Dox-mediated left ventricular (LV) dysfunction was aggravated by Trz administration. Dox treatment, but not Trz, induced T-tubule disarray. Moreover, Dox, but not Trz monotherapy, induced prolonged action potential duration (APD), increased incidence of delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and beat-to-beat variability of repolarization (BVR), and slower Ca2+ transient decay. Although APD, DADs, BVR and Ca2+ transient decay recovered over time after the cessation of Dox treatment, subsequent Trz administration exacerbated these abnormalities. Trz, but not Dox, reduced Ca2+ transient amplitude and SR Ca2+ content. Both agents increased Ca2+ waves and downregulated SERCA. Finally, Dox increased resting Ca2+ waves, Ca2+ spark frequency, spark-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) leak, and long-lasting Ca2+ release events (so-called Ca2+ “embers”). These results suggest that Dox, but not Trz, may cause T-tubule disarray in cardiac myocytes in vivo while also inducing overall larger changes in electrical parameters and intracellular Ca2+ handling. While Dox-induced changes in electrical parameters are reversible, subsequent Trz administration prevents their recovery. These findings illustrate the specific roles of Dox and Trz, and their interactions in cardiotoxicity and arrhythmogenicity.
ROCCHETTI, MARCELLA
BARILE, LUCIO
Invecchiamento; Senescenza; Scompenso cardiaco; Cardioprotezione; Doxorubicina
Aging; Senescence; Heart failure; Cardioprotection; Doxorubicina
BIO/09 - FISIOLOGIA
English
4-feb-2021
TECNOLOGIE CONVERGENTI PER I SISTEMI BIOMOLECOLARI (TeCSBi)
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Cellular senescence and failure in human and animal cardiac myocytes. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/301783
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