The evaluation of the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium is useful for predicting and diagnosing myocardial ischemia and type-2 myocardial infarction, conditions that represent a growing part of the health burden of cardiovascular disease, and whose incidence is rapidly increasing due to an ageing population. In its original assessment by invasive registrations, this balance is calculated as the ratio between the oxygen supply, defined as the area between the aortic and left ventricular pressures during diastole (diastolic pressure-time index), and the oxygen consumption, defined as the area under the pressure curve during systole (systolic pressure-time index). This ratio is called SEVR (Subendocardial Viability Ratio) and may also be calculated from the analysis of the non-invasively determined central pressure wave obtained by carotid arterial tonometry, by dividing areas between the diastolic and systolic pressure curves. The conventional non-invasive assessment of SEVR by arterial tonometry is affected by some methodological limitations, that are the exclusion from the calculation of isovolumetric systolic time in the systolic pressure-time index and the exclusion of left ventricular diastolic pressure from diastolic pressure-time index. Moreover, the calibration of central pressure wave derived from carotid tonometry can be affected by the way of calculating mean arterial pressure from brachial cuff blood pressure, which is necessary for scaling the central waveform. This thesis presents a series of studies conducted to overcome the limitations mentioned above, in order to elaborate a corrected form of the SEVR and to validate it against its invasive counterpart and as a clinical predictor. A methodology to reliably calculate the systolic-time intervals (isovolumetric ejection time and pre-ejection period) from ECG-gated arterial tonometry performed at the carotid and femoral levels, is presented and applied in subjects with or without cardiovascular disease. The issue of calculation of mean arterial pressure from brachial cuff blood pressure was then addressed, as a considerable interindividual and intraindividual variability in brachial pressure form-factor was evidenced in general population of different ages and in hypertensive patients. The best approach for calibration of non-invasive central blood pressure waveform resides in the integration of pressure waveforms, or, when not applicable, in the use of an appropriate algorithm for calculation of brachial form factor. A good correlation of the invasively determined SEVR, in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, was then demonstrated with the new non-invasive SEVR calculated by arterial tonometry and corrected by considering systolic time intervals and the left ventricular diastolic pressure. An equation for the estimation of left ventricular diastolic pressure was derived from non-invasive parameters of arterial tonometry and the invasive data. The new SEVR was finally applied in the PARTAGE cohort, a large population study of individuals 80 years of age and older living in nursing homes. SEVR was found to be an independent predictor of total mortality in the elderly subjects. A threshold value for SEVR of 100 may be considered in this population. In summary, a new formulation of an index (SEVR) for the evaluation of myocardial supply-demand balance from non-invasive arterial tonometry was created and clinically validated.

La valutazione del bilancio tra l'apporto e la domanda di ossigeno nel miocardio è utile per predire e diagnosticare l'ischemia miocardica e l'infarto miocardico di tipo 2, condizioni che rappresentano una parte crescente del carico sanitario delle malattie cardiovascolari e la cui incidenza è in rapido aumento a causa dell’invecchiamento. Nella sua valutazione originale, ottenuta mediante registrazioni invasive, questo equilibrio è calcolato come il rapporto tra l'apporto di ossigeno, definito come l'area tra la pressione aortica e quella ventricolare sinistra durante la diastole (indice diastolico di pressione-tempo) e il consumo di ossigeno, definito come l'area sotto la curva di pressione durante la sistole (indice sistolico di pressione-tempo). Questo rapporto è chiamato SEVR (Subendocardial Viability Ratio) e può anche essere calcolato dall'analisi dell'onda di pressione centrale ottenuta non-invasivamente dalla tonometria arteriosa carotidea, dividendo le aree tra le curve di pressione diastolica e sistolica. La valutazione non invasiva convenzionale del SEVR mediante tonometria arteriosa è influenzata da alcune limitazioni metodologiche, che sono l'esclusione dal calcolo del tempo di contrazione isovolumetrico nell'indice sistolico pressione-tempo e l'esclusione della pressione diastolica ventricolare sinistra dall'indice diastolico pressione-tempo. Inoltre, la calibrazione dell'onda di pressione centrale derivata dalla tonometria carotidea può essere influenzata dal modo di calcolare la pressione arteriosa media dalla pressione arteriosa brachiale, che è necessaria per scalare la forma d'onda centrale. Questa tesi presenta una serie di studi volti a superare queste limitazioni, al fine di elaborare una forma corretta del SEVR e di validarlo contro la sua controparte invasiva e come un predittore clinico. Viene presentata una metodologia per calcolare in modo affidabile gli intervalli di tempo sistolico (tempo di contrazione isovolumetrica e periodo pre-eiettivo) da tonometria arteriosa con ECG, eseguita a livello carotideo e femorale, e viene quindi applicata in soggetti con o senza malattia cardiovascolare. È stata quindi affrontata la questione del calcolo della pressione arteriosa media dalla pressione arteriosa brachiale, in quanto è stata evidenziata una considerevole variabilità interindividuale e intraindividuale nel fattore di forma della pressione brachiale, nella popolazione generale di diverse età e nei pazienti ipertesi. L'approccio migliore per la calibrazione della pressione centrale non invasiva risiede nell'integrazione delle forme d'onda di pressione o, quando non applicabile, nell'uso di un algoritmo appropriato per il calcolo del fattore di forma brachiale. È stata quindi dimostrata una buona correlazione del SEVR determinato in modo invasivo, in pazienti sottoposti a cateterismo cardiaco, con il nuovo SEVR non invasivo calcolato mediante tonometria arteriosa e corretto considerando i tempi sistolici e la pressione diastolica ventricolare sinistra. Un'equazione per la stima della pressione diastolica ventricolare sinistra è stata derivata da parametri non invasivi della tonometria arteriosa e dai dati invasivi. Il nuovo SEVR è stato infine applicato nella coorte PARTAGE, un ampio studio di popolazione di individui di età maggiore di 80 anni. SEVR è risultato essere un predittore indipendente della mortalità totale nei soggetti anziani. In questa popolazione si può considerare un valore soglia di 100 per il SEVR. In sintesi, è stata creata e validata clinicamente una nuova formulazione di un indice (SEVR) per la valutazione del bilancio tra domanda e offerta di ossigeno al miocardio, ottenibile mediante tonometria arteriosa non invasiva.

(2019). Non-invasive evaluation of myocardial supply-demand balance from the analysis of pulse waveform: from validation to clinical application. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).

Non-invasive evaluation of myocardial supply-demand balance from the analysis of pulse waveform: from validation to clinical application

GRILLO, ANDREA
2019

Abstract

The evaluation of the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium is useful for predicting and diagnosing myocardial ischemia and type-2 myocardial infarction, conditions that represent a growing part of the health burden of cardiovascular disease, and whose incidence is rapidly increasing due to an ageing population. In its original assessment by invasive registrations, this balance is calculated as the ratio between the oxygen supply, defined as the area between the aortic and left ventricular pressures during diastole (diastolic pressure-time index), and the oxygen consumption, defined as the area under the pressure curve during systole (systolic pressure-time index). This ratio is called SEVR (Subendocardial Viability Ratio) and may also be calculated from the analysis of the non-invasively determined central pressure wave obtained by carotid arterial tonometry, by dividing areas between the diastolic and systolic pressure curves. The conventional non-invasive assessment of SEVR by arterial tonometry is affected by some methodological limitations, that are the exclusion from the calculation of isovolumetric systolic time in the systolic pressure-time index and the exclusion of left ventricular diastolic pressure from diastolic pressure-time index. Moreover, the calibration of central pressure wave derived from carotid tonometry can be affected by the way of calculating mean arterial pressure from brachial cuff blood pressure, which is necessary for scaling the central waveform. This thesis presents a series of studies conducted to overcome the limitations mentioned above, in order to elaborate a corrected form of the SEVR and to validate it against its invasive counterpart and as a clinical predictor. A methodology to reliably calculate the systolic-time intervals (isovolumetric ejection time and pre-ejection period) from ECG-gated arterial tonometry performed at the carotid and femoral levels, is presented and applied in subjects with or without cardiovascular disease. The issue of calculation of mean arterial pressure from brachial cuff blood pressure was then addressed, as a considerable interindividual and intraindividual variability in brachial pressure form-factor was evidenced in general population of different ages and in hypertensive patients. The best approach for calibration of non-invasive central blood pressure waveform resides in the integration of pressure waveforms, or, when not applicable, in the use of an appropriate algorithm for calculation of brachial form factor. A good correlation of the invasively determined SEVR, in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, was then demonstrated with the new non-invasive SEVR calculated by arterial tonometry and corrected by considering systolic time intervals and the left ventricular diastolic pressure. An equation for the estimation of left ventricular diastolic pressure was derived from non-invasive parameters of arterial tonometry and the invasive data. The new SEVR was finally applied in the PARTAGE cohort, a large population study of individuals 80 years of age and older living in nursing homes. SEVR was found to be an independent predictor of total mortality in the elderly subjects. A threshold value for SEVR of 100 may be considered in this population. In summary, a new formulation of an index (SEVR) for the evaluation of myocardial supply-demand balance from non-invasive arterial tonometry was created and clinically validated.
PARATI, GIANFRANCO
SALVI, PAOLO
SEVR; Tonometria arteriosa; Pressione centrale; Ischemia miocardica; Rigidità arteriosa
SEVR; Arterial tonometry; Central pressure; Myocardial ischemia; Rigidità arteriosa
MED/11 - MALATTIE DELL'APPARATO CARDIOVASCOLARE
English
8-feb-2019
SANITA' PUBBLICA - 78R
31
2017/2018
open
(2019). Non-invasive evaluation of myocardial supply-demand balance from the analysis of pulse waveform: from validation to clinical application. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/241149
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