The present research refers to the study of the multiform category of the environment and the related issue of accountability, focusing on the imputation systems regarding the damage and the ‘liability’ models provided by Community legislation and national jurisprudence. Therfore, through the study from the genesis of the enviroment’s value to its present assessment of legal and common good, the present work analyzes the theoretical relevance, the practical impact and the critical profiles that environmental protection presents in both Italian and International legal systems. After having analyzed the emergence of the environment as legal category, the research investigates the regulation of liability for the environmental damage, preliminarily analyzing the dynamic evolutions of the institute until the profound reform of environmental law introduced into our law system by the directive 2004/35/CE. In the present work, a particular attention is addressed to the forms of protection conferred by the law system regarding the communitary principles ratified on the subject of environmental protection (the principle of precaution, prevention, damage rectified at the source and the principle 'the polluter pays') and the causal link provided for each of these, highlighting both the results that doctrine and jurisprudence have reached regarding each individual questions, and all the grey zones waiting for consolidation or evolution. Moving towards the declination of 'the polluter pays' principle in environmental responsibility, it has been shown that the definition of the causal link is crucial regardless of the chosen responsibility model, whether it is objective or based on the 'guilt'. The observation conducted specifically on the frequency of diffuse and historical pollution phenomena, attributable to activities carried out by organized groups and not by single individuals, justified the possibility or the opportunity to introduce in the law system a discipline which is not taking into account the existence of a causal link (providing a "position of responsibility"), in other terms, changing the paradigm by the inversion of the obligation of the proof regarding the causal link totally upon the supposed perpetrator/responsible; such obligation - according to the general principles - would have been otherwise charged to those professing the responsibility, with obvious procedural consequences. Moreover, the procedural issues related to the environmental protection have also been analyzed (legal standing and jurisdiction) and penalties (administrative fines). Finally, the present research highlighted the aspects that, regarding the environmental damage, are still in a shadow in the European Community and Italian law systems, indicating possible areas of legislative action or jurisprudenctial on the of the principles of prohibition of gold planting and promotion of the environmental protection.

La ricerca ha ad oggetto lo studio della multiforme categoria del bene ambiente e della relativa tematica della responsabilità, con particolare riferimento ai sistemi di imputazione del danno e ai modelli di liability previsti sia dalla normativa che dalla giurisprudenza comunitaria e nazionale. Attraverso lo studio della genesi del valore ambiente sino alla sua attuale portata di bene giuridico autonomo e di bene comune, il lavoro si concentra sull’analisi della rilevanza teorica, dell’incidenza pratica e dei profili critici che la tutela ambientale presenta nell’ordinamento italiano e sovranazionale. Analizzata in chiave diacronica l’emersione della categoria giuridica ambiente, la ricerca indaga la disciplina della responsabilità per danno ambientale, analizzando preliminarmente le dinamiche evolutive dell’istituto sino alla profonda riforma del diritto ambientale introdotta nel nostro ordinamento dalla direttiva 2004/35/CE. Particolarmente attenzionati nell’ambito del presente lavoro sono le forme di tutela previste dall’ordinamento in relazione ai principi comunitari sanciti in materia di tutela dell’ambientale (il principio di precauzione, prevenzione, correzione dei danni alla fonte e il principio «chi inquina paga») ed il nesso causale previsto per ciascuna di queste, mettendo in luce sia gli approdi che dottrina e giurisprudenza hanno raggiunto in relazione alle singole questioni che i punti ancora in ombra ovvero in attesa di consolidamento o evoluzione. Muovendo dalla declinazione del principio «chi inquina paga» nella responsabilità ambientale si è evidenziato come il nesso causale risulti essere imprescindibile qualunque sia il modello di responsabilità prescelto, sia esso di tipo oggettivo che fondato sulla “colpa”. L’osservazione condotta in concreto sulla frequenza dei fenomeni di inquinamento diffuso e storico, imputabili ad attività esercitate in forma organizzata e non a singoli individui, ha giustificato l’indagine sulla possibilità od opportunità di introdurre in via legislativa una disciplina che prescinda in toto dalla sussistenza del nesso causale (prevedendo una “responsabilità da posizione”) ovvero che sancisca l’inversione dell’onere della prova del nesso a carico del presunto responsabile, onere che altrimenti graverebbe – secondo i principi generali – a carico di chi afferma la responsabilità, con ovvie conseguenze processuali. Sono stati altresì approfonditi i profili processuali collegati alla tutela dell’ambiente (legittimazione ad agire e giurisdizione) e sanzionatori (sanzioni amministrative). Infine, il lavoro ha posto in rilievo gli aspetti che, in relazione al danno ambientale, sono tutt’ora in ombra nella normativa comunitaria e nazionale, indicando i possibili spazi di intervento legislativo o giurisprudenziale alla luce dei principi di divieto di gold planting e di non arretramento della tutela ambientale.

(2017). Tutela dell’ambiente e criteri di imputazione della responsabilità. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

Tutela dell’ambiente e criteri di imputazione della responsabilità

IERA, ROSAMARIA
2017

Abstract

The present research refers to the study of the multiform category of the environment and the related issue of accountability, focusing on the imputation systems regarding the damage and the ‘liability’ models provided by Community legislation and national jurisprudence. Therfore, through the study from the genesis of the enviroment’s value to its present assessment of legal and common good, the present work analyzes the theoretical relevance, the practical impact and the critical profiles that environmental protection presents in both Italian and International legal systems. After having analyzed the emergence of the environment as legal category, the research investigates the regulation of liability for the environmental damage, preliminarily analyzing the dynamic evolutions of the institute until the profound reform of environmental law introduced into our law system by the directive 2004/35/CE. In the present work, a particular attention is addressed to the forms of protection conferred by the law system regarding the communitary principles ratified on the subject of environmental protection (the principle of precaution, prevention, damage rectified at the source and the principle 'the polluter pays') and the causal link provided for each of these, highlighting both the results that doctrine and jurisprudence have reached regarding each individual questions, and all the grey zones waiting for consolidation or evolution. Moving towards the declination of 'the polluter pays' principle in environmental responsibility, it has been shown that the definition of the causal link is crucial regardless of the chosen responsibility model, whether it is objective or based on the 'guilt'. The observation conducted specifically on the frequency of diffuse and historical pollution phenomena, attributable to activities carried out by organized groups and not by single individuals, justified the possibility or the opportunity to introduce in the law system a discipline which is not taking into account the existence of a causal link (providing a "position of responsibility"), in other terms, changing the paradigm by the inversion of the obligation of the proof regarding the causal link totally upon the supposed perpetrator/responsible; such obligation - according to the general principles - would have been otherwise charged to those professing the responsibility, with obvious procedural consequences. Moreover, the procedural issues related to the environmental protection have also been analyzed (legal standing and jurisdiction) and penalties (administrative fines). Finally, the present research highlighted the aspects that, regarding the environmental damage, are still in a shadow in the European Community and Italian law systems, indicating possible areas of legislative action or jurisprudenctial on the of the principles of prohibition of gold planting and promotion of the environmental protection.
DEGRASSI, LIDIANNA
Ambiente,; causalità,; danno,; responsabilità,; inquinamento
Environment,; causality,; damage,; responsibility,; inquinamento
IUS/17 - DIRITTO PENALE
Italian
13-nov-2017
SCIENZE GIURIDICHE - 84R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). Tutela dell’ambiente e criteri di imputazione della responsabilità. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/180727
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