Forest fragmentation alters the structure and dynamic of wild animal populations, subdividing them into small and isolated sub-populations particularly prone to extinction. To achieve long-term persistence of fragmented populations, conservation strategies should be implemented at the landscape level, linking residual habitats by a network to guarantee their ecological connectivity. In this context, the appropriate landscape management tools are ecological networks, integrated landscape systems composed of nodes of suitable habitat, hosting animal populations, linked by connectivity elements. The main aim of this research was to provide practical suggestions to design an effective ecological network for forest-dwelling species in an agro-ecosystem in northern Italy adopting a multi-species and multi-scale approach. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) to define how to correctly manage forest remnants; (ii) to define which land-covers can be used as secondary nodes and connectivity elements; and (iii) to identify priority areas where secondary nodes and connectivity elements should be located to increase landscape connectivity. The first part of the research has been addressed to implement a new method to define forestry prescriptions by considering the combined effect of forest structure and tree species composition on four indicator bird species. This study showed the importance of maintaining forest remnants characterized by a high tree species richness, a high number of large trees and a high variety of stem diameters. Starting from the ecological requirements of the indicator species, quantitative forestry guidelines for singular plant species and diameter classes were provided for woodlands characterized by different exploitation degrees. In the second part of the study a new method to identify secondary nodes and connectivity elements was implemented. The method allows inferring the species perception of land-covers, starting from the actual species distribution within the landscape and evaluating how it is affected by the configuration of different simulated landscapes. The method was tested on the Hazel Dormouse, the European Badger and the Roe Deer, three mammal species characterized by dissimilar forest specialization degrees and dispersal abilities, to evaluate how different agroforestry elements could be used in an ecological network. The results showed that hedgerows can play the role of nodes, while poplar cultivations, plantations for biomasses production and reforestations should be used as connectivity elements for the Hazel Dormouse. For the European Badger poplar cultivations and hedgerows should be used as nodes and biomasses as connectivity elements; while for the Roe Deer poplar cultivations and reforestations should be used as nodes and biomasses and hedgerows as connectivity elements. These results revealed the key role of hedgerows in ecological networks for forest-dwelling species. Thus, which structural and floristic characteristics should be maintained to make hedgerows effective elements of ecological networks was investigated. The results suggested that hedgerows should be wide and continuous and should be managed to allow the growth of native species with a complex physical structure in the shrub layer. Furthermore, a study was addressed to define where to plant new hedgerows to improve the landscape connectivity for the Hazel Dormouse. The comparison of the increase of connectivity reached by planting new hedgerows along existing dispersal paths or by planting them in new strategic areas creating new corridors showed that this last strategy guarantees an increase of connectivity four times greater than the first one.

Per garantire la sopravvivenza a lungo termine delle popolazioni animali in paesaggi frammentati, le strategie di conservazione dovrebbero essere attuate a livello di paesaggio, conservando gli habitat residui e assicurandone la connettività ecologica. In questo contesto, gli strumenti gestionali più appropriati sono le reti ecologiche, ovvero sistemi integrati di elementi ecosistemici composti da nodi di habitat idoneo collegati tra loro da elementi connettivi. L'obiettivo di questa ricerca è stato quello di definire come progettare una rete ecologica per specie forestali in un agroecosistema in Nord Italia, adottando un approccio multi-specie e multi-scala. Gli obiettivi specifici sono stati: (i) definire come gestire correttamente i frammenti forestali; (ii) definire quali elementi agroforestali possano essere utilizzati come nodi aggiuntivi o elementi connettivi; e (iii) identificare le aree prioritarie in cui devono essere posizionati i nodi aggiuntivi e gli elementi connettivi al fine di incrementare la connettività del paesaggio. La prima parte della ricerca è stata dedicata all’implementazione di un nuovo metodo per definire come gestire i frammenti forestali, considerando l'effetto combinato della struttura e della composizione floristica del bosco su quattro specie indicatrici di uccelli. Questo studio ha dimostrato l'importanza di mantenere frammenti forestali disetanei con un’elevata diversità floristica e un elevato numero di alberi di grandi dimensioni. Successivamente, partendo dalle esigenze ecologiche delle specie indicatrici, sono state fornite le linee guida relative al numero di alberi, appartenenti a diverse specie e classi diametriche, che devono essere mantenuti nei frammenti boschivi. La seconda parte dello studio è stata dedicata alla definizione di un nuovo metodo per identificare i nodi aggiuntivi e gli elementi connettivi di una rete ecologica. Questo metodo permette di definire la percezione da parte delle specie di diversi elementi ecosistemici, partendo dalla distribuzione delle specie osservata sul campo e valutando come questa è influenzata dalla configurazione spaziale di diversi paesaggi simulati. Il metodo è stato testato utilizzando come specie target il moscardino, il tasso e il capriolo, tre specie di mammiferi con diverse capacità di dispersione e diversi gradi di specializzazione forestale, al fine di valutare come diversi elementi agroforestali potrebbero essere utilizzati in una rete ecologica. I risultati hanno mostrato che i filari possono svolgere il ruolo di nodi, mentre i pioppeti, gli impianti per la produzione di biomassa e le riforestazioni possono essere utilizzati come elementi connettivi in una rete ecologica disegnata per il moscardino. Per quanto riguarda il tasso, i pioppeti e i filari possono essere utilizzati come nodi e le biomasse come elementi connettivi; mentre per il capriolo, i pioppeti e le riforestazioni possono essere utilizzati come nodi e le biomasse e i filari come elementi connettivi. Un ulteriore studio è stato finalizzato alla definizione delle caratteristiche strutturali e floristiche da mantenere all’interno dei filari al fine di renderli elementi effettivamente idonei all’interno di reti ecologiche disegnate per specie forestali. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che i filari dovrebbero essere larghi e continui e dovrebbero essere gestiti al fine di consentire la crescita di specie vegetali autoctone, caratterizzate da una struttura fisica complessa, nello strato arbustivo. Un ultimo studio è stato dedicato ad identificare le aree prioritarie in cui piantare nuovi filari per migliorare la connettività per il moscardino. Il confronto tra l'incremento di connettività raggiunto piantando nuovi filari lungo corridoi esistenti o in nuove aree strategiche, in modo tale da creare nuovi corridoi, ha evidenziato che quest'ultima strategia garantisce un aumento della connettività quattro volte superiore rispetto a alla prima.

(2017). How to design an ecological network for forest-dwelling species in a highly fragmented agro-ecosystem. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

How to design an ecological network for forest-dwelling species in a highly fragmented agro-ecosystem

DONDINA, OLIVIA
2017

Abstract

Forest fragmentation alters the structure and dynamic of wild animal populations, subdividing them into small and isolated sub-populations particularly prone to extinction. To achieve long-term persistence of fragmented populations, conservation strategies should be implemented at the landscape level, linking residual habitats by a network to guarantee their ecological connectivity. In this context, the appropriate landscape management tools are ecological networks, integrated landscape systems composed of nodes of suitable habitat, hosting animal populations, linked by connectivity elements. The main aim of this research was to provide practical suggestions to design an effective ecological network for forest-dwelling species in an agro-ecosystem in northern Italy adopting a multi-species and multi-scale approach. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) to define how to correctly manage forest remnants; (ii) to define which land-covers can be used as secondary nodes and connectivity elements; and (iii) to identify priority areas where secondary nodes and connectivity elements should be located to increase landscape connectivity. The first part of the research has been addressed to implement a new method to define forestry prescriptions by considering the combined effect of forest structure and tree species composition on four indicator bird species. This study showed the importance of maintaining forest remnants characterized by a high tree species richness, a high number of large trees and a high variety of stem diameters. Starting from the ecological requirements of the indicator species, quantitative forestry guidelines for singular plant species and diameter classes were provided for woodlands characterized by different exploitation degrees. In the second part of the study a new method to identify secondary nodes and connectivity elements was implemented. The method allows inferring the species perception of land-covers, starting from the actual species distribution within the landscape and evaluating how it is affected by the configuration of different simulated landscapes. The method was tested on the Hazel Dormouse, the European Badger and the Roe Deer, three mammal species characterized by dissimilar forest specialization degrees and dispersal abilities, to evaluate how different agroforestry elements could be used in an ecological network. The results showed that hedgerows can play the role of nodes, while poplar cultivations, plantations for biomasses production and reforestations should be used as connectivity elements for the Hazel Dormouse. For the European Badger poplar cultivations and hedgerows should be used as nodes and biomasses as connectivity elements; while for the Roe Deer poplar cultivations and reforestations should be used as nodes and biomasses and hedgerows as connectivity elements. These results revealed the key role of hedgerows in ecological networks for forest-dwelling species. Thus, which structural and floristic characteristics should be maintained to make hedgerows effective elements of ecological networks was investigated. The results suggested that hedgerows should be wide and continuous and should be managed to allow the growth of native species with a complex physical structure in the shrub layer. Furthermore, a study was addressed to define where to plant new hedgerows to improve the landscape connectivity for the Hazel Dormouse. The comparison of the increase of connectivity reached by planting new hedgerows along existing dispersal paths or by planting them in new strategic areas creating new corridors showed that this last strategy guarantees an increase of connectivity four times greater than the first one.
BANI, LUCIANO
Forests,; birds,; mammals,; connectivity,; hedgerows
Forests,; birds,; mammals,; connectivity,; hedgerows
BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA
English
10-apr-2017
SCIENZE - 80R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). How to design an ecological network for forest-dwelling species in a highly fragmented agro-ecosystem. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/158193
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