In the last decades many factors have pushed companies to increase their interest in the openness of their innovation process as a way to win the competition race (Christensen et al., 2005). Time lag, uncertainty, sunk costs and knowledge management are key words in a modern economic scenario where the number of technologies per product increases (Howells et al., 2003) and convergence encloses more and more solutions in a unique hybrid device. Augment in the R&D costs and their inter-disciplinary disposition (Hacklin et al., 2004) involve more partnerships and knowledge sources because firms cannot compete alone in the market (Howells et al., 2003). As a result many firms adopted a network strategy in which each partner actively contributes to the innovation process with different forms of knowledge. In fact, Following a closed innovation approach involve only two possible results for a new technology, the success or a failure. In a modern economy based on time-based competition among large and global networks, the failure of a R&D project may be synonymous of the loss of years of investments and efforts. Open Innovation allows to mitigate this effect, because a strong diversification in term of knowledge sources but also in the possibility to profit from the market for technology. However openness augments the innovation sustainability but involves high degree of organizational change. This thesis discusses the adoption of Open Innovation by global networks who play in high degree of competition, and in particular in the modern electronics scenario. From a process perspective openness is expressed by outside-in and inside-out flows of knowledge. In particular it splits the openness in four main type of processes such as: sourcing, acquiring, selling and revealing. As a result the thesis argues that Open Innovation is a business model who permit a strong mitigation effect on many risks tied to the innovation process. Openness increases the internal knowledge with the aid from several sources such as: public institutions, users, small and medium enterprises and the start-up ecosystem, universities and research centers, other large firms and competitors. These sources are the backbone of a network who manage the Open Innovation business model. Finally the thesis is focused on a case study about Samsung Electronics. This company is an innovative south Korean chaebol that in the last decades widely invested in reaching the top positions in different electronics market. As a result, Samsung adopted some years ago an open business model in its network management, modifying the internal R&D structure in function of universities, research centers, customers, open source users, competitors and start-ups. It is widely coherent with the theoretical background of Open Innovation in electronics. Samsung named part of its accountability with the label of Open Innovation and has a large array of ad hoc organizational structures. Since the beginning of the century, few years later that Chesbrough coined the term, Samsung started to invest in projects aimed to support the outside-in processes about several scientific domains. Moreover the Korean chaebol confirmed other theoretical backgrounds tied to real option theory and absorptive capacity showing a strong commitment in a form of knowledge management doesn’t limited by a closed approach.

Negli ultimi decenni diversi fattori hanno forzato le imprese a vagliare la possibilità di aprire i confini del proprio processo innovativo al fine di sopravvivere alla competizione globale. Concetti come time lag, incertezza, sunk cost e gestione della conoscenza sono così diventati pietre miliari in uno scenario economico moderno in cui il numero di tecnologie per prodotto aumenta in una dinamica di convergenza che include sempre più soluzioni in un unico dispositivo ibrido. Al tempo stesso l’aumento nei costi di ricerca e sviluppo e la natura sempre più interdisciplinare di codesti investimenti porta le imprese a ricercare un numero sempre maggiore di partner e potenziali fonti di knowledge. Per effetto di tali premesse, diverse imprese hanno adottato una strategia di networking all’interno del quale ciascun partner contribuisce attivamente al processo innovativo nella misura più coerente con le proprie competenze specifiche. Un approccio di innovazione chiuso invece, comporta solo due tipi di risultato per una nuova tecnologia: il successo o il fallimento. Esito di tale dicotomia, in un’arena competitiva caratterizzata dallo scontro tra grandi network globali, può quindi portare alla perdita di anni di investimenti in R&S. Il paradigma di Open innovation permette di mitigare tale rischio, grazie alla forte diversificazione ottenibile per fonti di knowledge ma anche la possibilità di trarre profitto dalla vendita delle proprie innovazioni sul mercato intermedio della tecnologia. Sebbene l’apertura del processo di innovazione ne migliori la sostenibilità, essa comporta anche un forte cambiamento sul piano organizzativo. La presente tesi si pone l’obiettivo di indagare circa l’adozione del paradigma Open innovation da parte di network globali che competono in settori ad elevata pressione competitiva, con particolare interesse per l’elettronica. Da un punto di vista legato ai processi, l’apertura dell’impresa si esplicita attraverso due flussi di knowledge noti come outside-in e inside-out processes. Sulla base di quanto detto dalla letteratura quindi si può affermare che l’Open innovation è una tipologia di business model che consente di mitigare notevolmente i rischi e le limitazioni del processo innovativo. L’apertura incrementa la base di knowledge interna grazie al supporto fornito dalle più diverse fonti, tra cui la letteratura evidenzia le istituzioni pubbliche, le comunità di utenti, le piccole e medie imprese, l’ecosistema delle start-up, le università e i centri di ricerca e infine, grandi imprese e concorrenti. Tali fonti rappresentano la spina dorsale di un network che si pone l’obiettivo di innovare in un mercato ad elevata competitività e imitazione. Infine la tesi si focalizza sullo studio di un caso aziendale: Samsung Electronics. Tale impresa è infatti un grande chaebol sud coreano che negli ultimi decenni ha investito pesantemente al fine di raggiungere i vertici di diversi mercati dell’elettronica. Infatti Samsung ha adottato ormai da tempo un business model aperto nella gestione del proprio network, modificando la struttura interna in ragione dell’integrazione di diverse fonti di conoscenza esterne. Essa agisce conformemente a molti assunti teorici del paradigma di Chesbrough e nomina parte della propria accountability con l’etichetta Open innovation, con l’impiego di diverse strutture create appositamente a tale scopo. Inoltre tale chaebol fornisce anche prova empirica di come il potenziamento delle risorse di R&S interne comporti un miglioramento delle capacità di assorbimento delle conoscenze dall’esterno e di come una gestione delle tecnologie utilizzate come opzioni possa funzionare. Queste ultime considerazioni dimostrano come al paradigma di Open innovation siano legati ulteriori filoni di letteratura quali l’absorptive capacity e la real option theory.

(2017). Open innovation in global networks. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).

Open innovation in global networks

LUBELLO, NORMAN
2017

Abstract

In the last decades many factors have pushed companies to increase their interest in the openness of their innovation process as a way to win the competition race (Christensen et al., 2005). Time lag, uncertainty, sunk costs and knowledge management are key words in a modern economic scenario where the number of technologies per product increases (Howells et al., 2003) and convergence encloses more and more solutions in a unique hybrid device. Augment in the R&D costs and their inter-disciplinary disposition (Hacklin et al., 2004) involve more partnerships and knowledge sources because firms cannot compete alone in the market (Howells et al., 2003). As a result many firms adopted a network strategy in which each partner actively contributes to the innovation process with different forms of knowledge. In fact, Following a closed innovation approach involve only two possible results for a new technology, the success or a failure. In a modern economy based on time-based competition among large and global networks, the failure of a R&D project may be synonymous of the loss of years of investments and efforts. Open Innovation allows to mitigate this effect, because a strong diversification in term of knowledge sources but also in the possibility to profit from the market for technology. However openness augments the innovation sustainability but involves high degree of organizational change. This thesis discusses the adoption of Open Innovation by global networks who play in high degree of competition, and in particular in the modern electronics scenario. From a process perspective openness is expressed by outside-in and inside-out flows of knowledge. In particular it splits the openness in four main type of processes such as: sourcing, acquiring, selling and revealing. As a result the thesis argues that Open Innovation is a business model who permit a strong mitigation effect on many risks tied to the innovation process. Openness increases the internal knowledge with the aid from several sources such as: public institutions, users, small and medium enterprises and the start-up ecosystem, universities and research centers, other large firms and competitors. These sources are the backbone of a network who manage the Open Innovation business model. Finally the thesis is focused on a case study about Samsung Electronics. This company is an innovative south Korean chaebol that in the last decades widely invested in reaching the top positions in different electronics market. As a result, Samsung adopted some years ago an open business model in its network management, modifying the internal R&D structure in function of universities, research centers, customers, open source users, competitors and start-ups. It is widely coherent with the theoretical background of Open Innovation in electronics. Samsung named part of its accountability with the label of Open Innovation and has a large array of ad hoc organizational structures. Since the beginning of the century, few years later that Chesbrough coined the term, Samsung started to invest in projects aimed to support the outside-in processes about several scientific domains. Moreover the Korean chaebol confirmed other theoretical backgrounds tied to real option theory and absorptive capacity showing a strong commitment in a form of knowledge management doesn’t limited by a closed approach.
BRONDONI, SILVIO
innovation,; network,; openness,; knowledge,; technology
innovation,; network,; openness,; knowledge,; technology
SECS-P/08 - ECONOMIA E GESTIONE DELLE IMPRESE
English
21-mar-2017
MARKETING E GESTIONE DELLE IMPRESE - 88R
29
2015/2016
open
(2017). Open innovation in global networks. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/153663
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