Mountain glaciers and non-polar ice cores are very detailed sources of paleo-proxy data essential to achieve a complete overview of climate and environmental change. The increase in the glaciers melting leads to a loss of information, affecting the possibility to predict the climate evolution. In this context, is important to define a set of guidelines and create dedicated maps to identify suitable glaciers for ice core drilling. In the first year of the research, the Suitability for Ice Core Drilling (SICD) was defined as the likelihood of drilling a glacier to retrieve an ice core with preserved stratigraphic information that allows the reconstruction of historical climate conditions. Environmental variables related to the SICD were selected on the basis of previously drilled sites, according to available scientific literature and on the base of glaciologists opinions. A quantitative Weight of Evidence method was implemented and key variables (slope, local relief, temperature and direct solar radiation) are combined to map the potential drilling sites in the European Alps and in the Asian High Mountain glaciers. Accuracy is evaluated and first indications of potential drilling sites are reviewed. Results are valuable for future selection of potential drilling sites of mountain glacier. In the second year of the PhD, a light UAV for collecting spectral measurements was developed in support of field spectroscopy surveys. The system, namely HyUAV, is based on a four-rotors platform with hovering capability, equipped with a non-imaging spectrometer and a RGB camera. The HyUAV collects simultaneously hyperspectral data (350-1000 nm, ~1.5 nm spectral resolution) of Earth reflected radiance and RGB images. The Entrance Optics Receptor (EOR) was specifically developed to optimize the spectrometer field of view and to collect in-flight dark current. The geometric, radiometric and spectral performances of the system were characterized through dedicated laboratory tests. Then, the accuracy of the hyperspectral data were evaluated during flight tests, comparing spectral data collected from HyUAV with ground-based measurements. Two methods to estimate surface reflectance from HyUAV were investigated and discussed, with the aim of providing further suggestions for an accurate retrieval of surface reflectance. The results achieved shown: i) good systems stability of the system (in terms of geometric, radiometric and spectral features); ii) accurate spectra measurements (in terms of radiance and reflectance); iii) similar results for the delineated methods to calculate reflectance. The HyUAV demonstrated to be a reliability systems for supporting field spectroscopy surveys and a promising platform for a wide range of environmental applications. Imaging spectroscopy is a powerful technique that provides insights information, with the aim to investigate spectral features, related to surfaces properties and materials composition, at very detailed spatial resolution. Applied to ice cores analysis hyperspectral imaging, it can be considered an innovative technique, that could provide valuable information improving the understanding of climate change. During the third year of PhD, a fully automated Hyperspectral systems for Imaging Ice core (HyIICE) was developed in a cold-room environment. The HyIICE is composed by an high-precision linear stage, which embeds a imaging hyperspectral sensor (Headwall Photonics VINR spectrometer, 380-1000 nm, 2-3 nm spectral resolution, 1004 spatial pixels) and a dedicated stable halogen light source. Several tests were performed on the system to evaluate the components and verify the efficiency in cold environments. First hyperspectral imaging of ice cores were collected in order to inspecting the potential of hyperspectral imaging for the quantitative estimation of parameters related to past atmospheric and climate conditions.

I ghiacciai montani sono importanti fonti di dati paleoclimatici, essenziali allo studio dei cambiamenti climatici e ambientali. L'aumento della fusione dei ghiacciai sta portando alla perdita di preziose informazioni utili a predire l’evoluzione del clima. In questo contesto, è fondamentale definire le linee guida e creare mappe per l’identificazione delle aree idonee ad essere perforate. Nel primo anno di dottorato, ho definito l’idoneità di un ghiacciaio alla perforazione (SICD) come la probabilità di estrarre un campione di ghiaccio che possiede una stratigrafia ben conservata, utile alla ricostruzione del clima del passato. Le varabili ambientali introdotte nel modello, relazionate con la perforabilità, sono state selezionate in accordo alle perforazioni già effettuate, e alla letteratura scientifica, considerando l’opinione degli esperti. Due modelli spaziali sono stati sviluppati: il promo basato sulla conoscenza di esperti, il secondo di tipo probabilistico. Le variabili scelte (pendenza, rilievo locale, temperatura, radiazione solare diretta) sono state così combinate al fine di mappare le aree potenzialmente perforabili presenti nelle Alpi e in Asia. L’accuratezza del modello è stata valutata e sono state indicati i siti più idonei ad essere perforati. La ricerca ha permesso di fornire preziose informazioni utili alla scelta dei prossimi siti di perforazione. Nel secondo anno di dottorato un Sistema Aeromobile a Pilotaggio Remoto (SAPR) è stato sviluppato per acquisire misure spettrali durante campagne di spettroscopia di campo. Il sistema, nominato HyUAV, è basato su una piattaforma APR equipaggiata con uno spettrometro e una camera RGB. HyUAV è in grado di acquisire simultaneamente dati iperspettrali (350-1000 nm, 1.5 nm di risoluzione spettrale) della radiazione riflessa dalla Terra e immagini RGB. Un’ottica specifica (EOR) è stata sviluppata al fine di ottimizzare il campo di vista dello spettrometro e di misurare il segnale di Durk Current durante il volo. Le performance geometriche, radiometriche e spettrali del sistema sono state caratterizzate attraverso alcuni test di laboratorio ed è stata valutata l’accuratezza e la precisione dei dati iperspettrali raccolti attraverso un test di volo. Due metodi per la stima della riflettanza da UAV sono stati proposti e discussi. I risultati raggiunti mostrano: i) un’ottima stabilità del sistema (in termini geometrici, radiometrici e spettrali); ii) misure spettrali accurate (sia in termini di radianza che di riflettanza); iii) risultati simili tra i due metodi di stima della riflettanza. Lo studio ha dimostrato che il sistema HyUAV può essere considerato affidabile al fine di supportare indagini di spettroscopia di campo e promettente per un'ampia gamma di applicazioni ambientali. La spettroscopia ad immagine è una tecnica efficace che fornisce importanti informazioni per la caratterizzazione delle proprietà ottica delle superfici a scala spaziale di dettaglio. Applicata all’analisi delle carote di ghiaccio, essa può essere considerata una tecnica innovativa utile a migliorare la conoscenza dei cambiamenti climatici. Durante il terzo anno di dottorato, ho sviluppato un sistema automatico per acquisire immagini iperspettrali (HYCE) in camera fredda. Il sistema è composto da una un motore lineare ad alta precisione spaziale, il quale trasporta uno spettrometro iperspettrale ad immagine (Headwall Photonics VINR, 380-1000 nm, 2-3 nm di risoluzione spettrale, 1004 pixels spaziali) e una lampada alogena dedicata. Test di laboratorio sono stati effettuati al fine di valutare le componenti del sistema. Le prime immagini iperspettrali di una carota di ghiaccio sono state acquisite in camera fredda ed analizzate. In particolare è stato calcolato lo Snow Darkening Index (SDI) ed è stata verificare la sua applicabilità per la stima delle concentrazione di deposizioni atmosferiche minerarie nelle carote di ghiaccio.

(2016). Modelling the suitability for ice core drilling of mountain glaciers and development of new spectroscopy systems for cold room laboratory and environmental monitoring.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016).

Modelling the suitability for ice core drilling of mountain glaciers and development of new spectroscopy systems for cold room laboratory and environmental monitoring.

GARZONIO, ROBERTO
2016

Abstract

Mountain glaciers and non-polar ice cores are very detailed sources of paleo-proxy data essential to achieve a complete overview of climate and environmental change. The increase in the glaciers melting leads to a loss of information, affecting the possibility to predict the climate evolution. In this context, is important to define a set of guidelines and create dedicated maps to identify suitable glaciers for ice core drilling. In the first year of the research, the Suitability for Ice Core Drilling (SICD) was defined as the likelihood of drilling a glacier to retrieve an ice core with preserved stratigraphic information that allows the reconstruction of historical climate conditions. Environmental variables related to the SICD were selected on the basis of previously drilled sites, according to available scientific literature and on the base of glaciologists opinions. A quantitative Weight of Evidence method was implemented and key variables (slope, local relief, temperature and direct solar radiation) are combined to map the potential drilling sites in the European Alps and in the Asian High Mountain glaciers. Accuracy is evaluated and first indications of potential drilling sites are reviewed. Results are valuable for future selection of potential drilling sites of mountain glacier. In the second year of the PhD, a light UAV for collecting spectral measurements was developed in support of field spectroscopy surveys. The system, namely HyUAV, is based on a four-rotors platform with hovering capability, equipped with a non-imaging spectrometer and a RGB camera. The HyUAV collects simultaneously hyperspectral data (350-1000 nm, ~1.5 nm spectral resolution) of Earth reflected radiance and RGB images. The Entrance Optics Receptor (EOR) was specifically developed to optimize the spectrometer field of view and to collect in-flight dark current. The geometric, radiometric and spectral performances of the system were characterized through dedicated laboratory tests. Then, the accuracy of the hyperspectral data were evaluated during flight tests, comparing spectral data collected from HyUAV with ground-based measurements. Two methods to estimate surface reflectance from HyUAV were investigated and discussed, with the aim of providing further suggestions for an accurate retrieval of surface reflectance. The results achieved shown: i) good systems stability of the system (in terms of geometric, radiometric and spectral features); ii) accurate spectra measurements (in terms of radiance and reflectance); iii) similar results for the delineated methods to calculate reflectance. The HyUAV demonstrated to be a reliability systems for supporting field spectroscopy surveys and a promising platform for a wide range of environmental applications. Imaging spectroscopy is a powerful technique that provides insights information, with the aim to investigate spectral features, related to surfaces properties and materials composition, at very detailed spatial resolution. Applied to ice cores analysis hyperspectral imaging, it can be considered an innovative technique, that could provide valuable information improving the understanding of climate change. During the third year of PhD, a fully automated Hyperspectral systems for Imaging Ice core (HyIICE) was developed in a cold-room environment. The HyIICE is composed by an high-precision linear stage, which embeds a imaging hyperspectral sensor (Headwall Photonics VINR spectrometer, 380-1000 nm, 2-3 nm spectral resolution, 1004 spatial pixels) and a dedicated stable halogen light source. Several tests were performed on the system to evaluate the components and verify the efficiency in cold environments. First hyperspectral imaging of ice cores were collected in order to inspecting the potential of hyperspectral imaging for the quantitative estimation of parameters related to past atmospheric and climate conditions.
COLOMBO, ROBERTO
icecore, glaciers, hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy
GEO/10 - GEOFISICA DELLA TERRA SOLIDA
English
24-feb-2016
SCIENZE AMBIENTALI - 09R
28
2014/2015
open
(2016). Modelling the suitability for ice core drilling of mountain glaciers and development of new spectroscopy systems for cold room laboratory and environmental monitoring.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016).
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
phd_unimib_702500.pdf

accesso aperto

Descrizione: Tesi dottorato
Tipologia di allegato: Doctoral thesis
Dimensione 5.91 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
5.91 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/102667
Citazioni
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
Social impact